BIOL 1104 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideLecture 1Three assumptions of science- Natural causalityo All things arise from natural causes- Uniformityo Scientific laws are the same through time and space- Common perception among all peopleo People perceive and measure things objectively- These CANNOT be proven.Theory: highly validated, generalized explanation for a phenomenon (generalized)Hypothesis: thought supported by an observation about a specific systemScientific method- Observation- Question- Hypothesis- Prediction- Experiments- Observation- Conclusion- If observations don’t match hypothesis, reform hypothesisLecture 2Evolution: any genetic change in a population- Genetic change is a shift in gene frequency in a population- It only occurs in populations, not individuals- It doesn’t mean progress or adaptationFossil record- Preserved organisms- IncompleteTraits- Homologous trait-shared origin- Analogous trait- different origin, same functionDevelopment- All embryos develop in similar ways DNA- More closely related organisms have more similar DNA than distant relativesExperiments- Artificial selection with cattle and dogs- Development of resistancesLecture 34 mechanisms of evolution- Mutationo Random change in DNA due to copy error or damage repair- Natural selectiono Individuals with more advantageous trait have more offspringo 4 postulates A trait varies Trait must be heritable Only some individuals reproduce Differential reproductive successo Fitness: reproductive success relative to other individuals in a population- Genetic drifto Random change in gene frequencyo Reduces diversityo Happens in small populations- Gene flowo Movement of genes between populationsSpecies: interbreeding or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductivelyisolated from other groupsAllopatric speciation: population gets physically separated then natural selection drives them differently until they become 2 different speciesLecture 4Community: all interacting populations in an ecosystemEcology: study of interactions among organisms and with the environmentBiotic is living; abiotic is nonlivingInteractions- Competition-bad for both- Predator/prey-good for one, bad for other- Parasitism- good for one, bad for other- Mutualism-good for both- Commensalism-good for one, neutral for otherCompetition: sharing a limited resource, reduces fitnessPrinciple of competitive exclusion: one party will end up losing completelyPhotosynthesis: origin of energy, comes from plants- Turns carbon dioxide and light energy into oxygen and glucoseTrophism- Trophic levels: feeding level- Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumerCarbon cycle- Atmosphere, oceans, fossil fuels- Co2 increases amount of heat in atmosphere- Causes increased temperature and acidification of oceanso This leads to loss of habitat, extinction, and bleachingExam # 2 Study Guide LecturesNon-vascular seedless plants (like mosses), evolved first, then vascular seedless (ferns), and then vascular seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms).Plants have grown to become more independent from water. One way that they have done this is to develop a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss. This cuticle surrounds epidermal and endodermal layers.Haploid-1 set of chromosomes, diploid-2 sets, triploid-3 setsAlternation of generations- Plants have a 1n and 2n stage. The 1n plant is called a gametophyte. The 2n plant is called a sporophyte. - The 2n sporophyte undergoes meiosis to create 1n spores. These spores undergo mitosisto become a 1n gametophyte. The 1n gametophyte then undergoes mitosis to create 1n gametes. These 1n gametes get fertilized and this creates a 2n zygote. The zygote undergoes mitosis to become a 2n sporophyte.Nonvascular seedless- Mosses and liverworts- These plants do not have vasculature (vessels or roots) or seeds.- Due to this, they have restricted environments that they can live in. They must live in moist areas. They also cannot grow very tall, up to a few inches. - The sporophyte is completely dependent on the gametophyte. - For reproduction, water is necessary because the sperm need to swim to the egg for fertilization to occur. Vascular seedless- These plants have vessels so this allows them to grow much taller than the mosses. However, they still do not have seeds.- The sporophyte and the gametophyte are independent of one another. Spores can travela long way because they are carried by wind.- Since they are seedless, they still need water to get the sperm to the egg. This occurs on the heart-shaped gametophyte.Vascular seed plants- Contain vasculature for movement of water and other compounds- Use seeds for reproductiono These seeds are dormant, embryonic sporophytes. They are protected by a hard outer covering called a seed coat. Inside is the endosperm which provides nutrients for the growing baby plant.- The gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte.- There are 2 types of seed plants, angiosperms (flowering fruit producing plants) and gymnosperms (“naked seed”).o Gymnosperms-reproductive structures are the cones. There are female and male cones. Male cones produce pollen (an adult male plant). Produce a lot of pollen because it is spread by windo Angiosperms-reproduction occurs through double fertilization. Produces a little pollen because it is carried directly to other plants by bugs- 2 organ systems-roots and shootso Shoots-stems and leaves, do photosynthesis Contains nodes-the places where the leaf attaches to the stemo Roots-uptake water and minerals, anchor plant- Dermal tissueo Epidermis-top most tissue-made of waxy cuticle (prevents water loss and infection)o Periderm-produces bark (only in woody plants)o Parenchyma-perform photosynthesis and storage-livingo Collenchyma-living-support-have thickened cell wallso Sclerenchyma-die at maturity-component of wood- Vasculatureo Xylem-dead-move water and minerals, supporto Phloem-live-move sugars- Stomatao Pores that allow for water loss and gas entryo Surrounded by guard cells- Plant growtho Primary-upwardo Secondary-lateral, only in woody plantso Meristems-“stem cells” Apical-at tips Lateral-new xylem and phloemOsmosis and diffusion- Diffusion-movement of solute from a high concentration of that solute to a low concentration of that solute- Osmosis-movement of water from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water- Water moves through aquaporins that are imbedded in the