MANGMT 3000 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures: 14 -21Lecture 14-Personality- stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identityBig five personality dimensions- extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience Proactive personality-someone who is more apt to take initiative and persevere to influence the environment Five traits important to orgs:Locus of control- indicates how much people believe they control their fate through their own effortsSelf-efficacy- belief in one’s ability to do a taskSelf-esteem- extent to which people like or dislike themselves Self-monitoring- extent to which people are able to observe their own behavior and adapt it to external situations Emotional intelligence- ability to cope, empathize with others, and be self-motivated Lecture 15- Perception-process of interpreting and understanding one’s environmentFour steps in the perceptual process:1. Selective attention2. Interpretation and evaluation 3. Storing in memory 4. Retrieving from memory to make judgments and decisionsStereotyping- tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongsHalo effect- forming an impression of an individual based on a single trait Recency effect- tendency to remember recent info better than earlier infoCasual attributions- activity of inferring causes for observed behaviors Employee engagement- an individual’s involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work Job satisfaction- extent to which you feel positively or negatively about various aspects of your work Org commitment- reflects the extent to which an employee identifies with an org and is committed to its goals Diversity- represents all the ways people are unlike and alikeInternal dimensions- those human differences that exert a powerful sustained effect throughoutevery stage of our livesExternal dimensions- consist of the personal characteristics that people acquire, discard, or modify throughout their livesStress- tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities, and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively Lecture 16-Motivation- psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior Extrinsic rewards- payoff person receives form others for performing a particular task Intrinsic rewards- satisfaction a person receives from performing the particular task itself You want to motivate people to:1. Join your org2. Stay with your org3. Show up for work4. Be engaged 5. Do extra work Content perspectives- theories that emphasize the needs that motivate peopleNeeds- physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- theory proposes that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization ERG theory- assumes that three basic needs influence behavior- existence, relatedness, and growthAcquired needs theory- states that three needs (achievement, affiliation, and power) are major motives determining people’s behavior in the workplaceTwo-Factor Theory- proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors- work satisfaction from so-called motivating factors and dissatisfaction from hygiene factorsHygiene factors- factors associated with job dissatisfaction which affect the job context in which people work Motivating factors- factors associated with job satisfaction which affects the job content or the rewards of work performanceEquity theory- focuses on employee perceptions as to how fairly they think they are being treated compared to othersExpectancy theory- suggests that people are motivated by two things: how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it Lecture 17-Goal setting theory:1. Goals should be specific2. Goals should be challenging but achievable 3. Goals should be linked to action plans4. Goals need not be jointly set to be effective5. Feedback enhances goal attainment Job design perspectives- division of an org’s work among its employees and the appreciation and application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance Reinforcement perspectives on motivation- attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negativeconsequences tends not to be repeated Positive reinforcement- use of positive consequences to encourage desirable behavior Negative reinforcement- process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negativeExtinction- weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforcedPunishment- process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive Lecture 18-Goal setting theory:1. Goals should be specific2. Goals should be challenging but achievable 3. Goals should be linked to action plans4. Goals need not be jointly set to be effective5. Feedback enhances goal attainment Job design perspectives- division of an org’s work among its employees and the appreciation and application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance Reinforcement perspectives on motivation- attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negativeconsequences tends not to be repeated Positive reinforcement- use of positive consequences to encourage desirable behavior Negative reinforcement- process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negativeExtinction- weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforcedPunishment- process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive Lecture 19Videoconferencing- uses video and audio links along with computers to enable people in different locations to see, hear, and talk with each otherTelepresence technology- high-definition videoconference systems that simulate face-to-face meetings between usersSecurity- safeguards for protecting info technology against disasters, system failures, etc. Identity theft- thieves hijack your name and identity and use your good credit rating to get cash or buy things Social media- Internet based and mobile