A tale of two citiesCleveland browns – moved to Baltimore in 1995A new baseball park had been built for the IndiansA new arena for the basketball cavaliersHowever, ignored for the brownBaltimore colts – moved to Indianapolis in 1984From 1984 to 1995, Baltimore was not the host city of an NFL teamA new expansion team in Cleveland by 1999, Art Modell permitted the expansion franchise to retain team colors, name, and 50 years of recordsUrban relocation, redevelopment, and promotionFail to replace the 30 year old astrodome in 1997Houston Oilers moved to NashvilleRenamed titans in 1999St LouisLost its football cardinals to phoenix in 1988 – Arizona cardinalsLos Angeles raidersOakland raiders moved to la in 1962Back to Oakland in 1995Between 1953 and 1998, 12 new franchises were created and nineThe growth in the number of major-league professional franchises in the past 60 years has reflected the doubling of the American population, from 150 million to 308 million in 2010In 1950, all major-league franchises were located east of the Mississippi River and north of the Mason-Dixon LineA half century later, teams were spread across the continentIn 1950, there were 44 major league football, baseball, basketball, and hockey franchises in the US, along with two Canadian hockey teamsBy 2010, that number had increased to 113 American and 8 Canadian franchisesConstruction of modern-day sports facilities was often tied to efforts to revitalize declining central citiesCincinattiBuilt separate stadiums for the football and baseballNew OrleansSuper dome, boom in hotel constructionAtlantaNew ballpark, indoor football stadium, arena for hockey and basketballDenverCoors Field, upscale business and residential developmentBaltimoreOriole Park at Camden YardsInner harbor redevelopment project70,000 seat stadium and sharing parking facilitiesThe Economics of Organized BaseballIn 1999 the New York Yankees were able to spend $77 million more than the Montreal Expos on playersBy 2010 the Yankees had a payroll of $206 millionIn 1953, St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore, it became the OriolesBoston Braves to Milwaukee, it relocated again in 1965 and became Atlanta BravesIn 1954, Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City, it relocated in 1968 became Oakland AthleticsIn 1957, after introduction of commercial jet fleets, it reduced coast to coast travel time to 6 hoursCalifornia became attractive to baseball executives due to air plans as well as new stadiumsNew York Giants relocated to San FranciscoBrooklyn Dodgers relocated to Los AngelesDrew 1.8 million fans in their initial seasonIn 1962, the Dodgers opened the season in spiffy new Dodger Stadium, and the attendance for the next three decades hovered annually near the 3 million markThe Dodgers and the Giants were replaced in New York by the MetsWashington Senators moved to Minneapolis – St. Paul and became the twinsA new National League team was located in HoustonThe Colt-45s renamed Astros in recognition of the location of NASA’s Johnson Space CenterNew facilities offered the obligatory modern amenities, such as enormous electronic scoreboards and replay jumbo screens, luxury boxes, and upscale foot and beverage serviceTaxpayers needed to take the responsibility of paying off debts of many millions of dollars on buildings that no longer existedTherefore, managers of most the new sports venues have sought to extract additional monies from advertisers, permitting corporations to place their name on the ballparkBaseball’s Labor DisputesIn 1965, the average major league salary was 12,000With superstars hovering around 100,000In 1968, minimum salary increased to 10,000 and guaranteed players the right to be represented by an agentBy 1975, minimum players’ salary up to $16,000By 1980, the average players pay was $144,000By 1991, the average players salary up to $891,000By 2010, the average players salary was 3.3 millionMarvin MillerThe major League player’s association executive directorDue to the strike in the middle of 1981 season, 713 games had been cancelled with the loss of an estimated 72 million in ticket salesIn the early 1990s, several owners expressed their desire to establish some form of salary restrain or salary cap, as existed in professional basketball and footballConflict between players and owners, the 1994 season got into trouble, unfortunately there was no world series for the first time in 89 seasonsAngry fans retaliated; attendance fell by 20 million from the 1993 seasonFans put the blame on both owners and playersIn 1998, fans returned to the ballparks and followed the home run derby between Sammy Sosa of Chicago cubs and mark McGwire of the St. Louis cardinalsIn 1020, McGwire admitted in public that he had used steroidsOakland Athletics and the Minnesota TwinsLimited revenue but won divisions and competed for slots in the world seriesThe Magic of Parity: The National Football LeagueFinancial parity of all franchise that enabled the national football league to enjoy economic success in the front office and competitive balance on the fieldEffectively with sharing of television fees and gate receiptsBetween 1967 and 2010, 28 different teams have played in at least one super bowl1966, AFL and NFL were mergedWorld Football League in 1974 – disappeared after two seasonUnited States Football League in 1983 – ceased in 19871994, the new collective bargaining agreement established a firm salary cap that limited total amount a team could spend on its payrollThe wondrous world of Magic, Larry, and MichaelNational Basketball AssociationDuring the 1960s and the 1970s the league expanded into the south and west, adding 21 franchises in allIn 1967, American Basketball Association (ABA)Red, white, and blue ballBeyond 21 feet counting for threeJulius Dr J ErvingIn 1976, the NBA agreed to absorb four of the best franchise of ABANew York Nets, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, San Antonio SpursMembers of the Dream Team in 1992 Barcelona OlympicsFirst time US sent prosEarvin Magic JohnsonWon 5 ChampionshipsLarry BirdWon 3 championshipsMichael JordanEndorsed by NikeFortune magazine estimated that he had generated 10 billion in revenuesAlways turn left: Nascar takes the checkered flagNational Association of Stock Car Automobile RacingPrivate family owned enterpriseBy mid 1990s the annual television revenues had exceeded $1 billion and its total viewing audience was second only to professional footballBarbeque, beer pickup trucks, and country