The Essential Myth of Big-Time College Athletics-Campus administrators took control 1890-1910Professional coaches replaced student captainsBusiness managers – precursor to athletic directors-Primetime schools – professional modelHighest priority is winning-British concept of amateurismStratified societyThe elite were born to their status“Only in a society where a hereditary upper class existed could the English amateur system work”-Sports Historian Ronald A. Smith“If college had truly been amateur sport, it would lose contests and thus lose prestige. If college acknowledged outright that professional sport it would lose respectability. Be amateur and lose athletically to those were less amateur, be outright professional and lose social esteem.”-NCAAUntil the mid 1950’s responsibilities were limited to writing rules for playing games and making a national presence-In 1920sLacked adequate jurisdiction over their members in matters of recruiting, eligibility standards, and financial aid for athletesSupervision and regulation of athletic programs was the responsibility of individual institutionBy 1920, faculties had largely given up any hope of abolishing big time footballFinancial incentives to lure athletes to campus was crucial to building a successful programCoaches were professionals that were paid more than senior professorsIncluding benefit packages-Faculty oversight committees required that athletes had to be in good academic standing to represent their institutionCoaches were primarily concerned with the best athletesAcademic dishonesty remained an issue-SupportOff Campus – Booster & alumniOn Campus – studentsSupported football because a wide range of campus social activities that were connected to the gameFootball: Driving the Bus-By 1920’s football was the driving financial force for athletic departmentsAttendance more than doubledPeople were willing to pay good money for a ticketUniversities began to construct large stadiumsInstitution encourage wealthy alumni and state legislatures to donate large sums of money to build “memorials” in the form of football stadiums to honor 63,000 Americans that lost their lives in France-1914Yale Bowl completed-1921Ohio State horse-shaped stadium63,000-1924Michigan countered73,000-By 1930Seven additional stadiums70,000+ seats-Institutions with serious football aspirations had stadiums with 30,000+“The sheer physical size of the stadium dwarfs the significance of the library, laboratory, and lecture hall” 1926Football’s Golden Age: The Twenties-Harold “Red” Grange – the most spectacular player of the eraRunning back at the university of IllinoisFans were thrilled by Grange’s ability to elude tacklers for long-American Sports StarTraditional qualities embraced by AmericansStrong work ethicAbstention from tobacco and drinkA determination to overcome financial disadvantagesGracious to his fans’ praise-Millions would watch weekly newsreels being shown in motion-picture theaters-Grange dropped out of college and on barnstorming tour where he would receive half of the gate receiptsBroke the myth of amateur college sports“I’m out to get the money and I don’t care who knows it”Played for George Hales (bears) attracted record attendance$250kBusinessman, radio & television football commentator after his football careerRed Grange established the importance of big time college football in American popular culture-Glenn Pop WarnerMost creative coach of the periodInnovative offense formations and playsDesign shoulder pads and helmetsNumbers on back of jerseysCreated youth football program in 1929-Knute Rockne13 years at helm of fighting IrishFabled football traditionGrew national fan base for former studentsSubway alumniDedicated fans who had neither attend the university nor set foot on the campusHe was the American dreamUS from Norway at 5Played football & trackChemistry degree“Notre Dame Open Play Amazes Army”Assistant coach at ND, taught chemistryFabricated story about WabashWanted to make ND “the Yale of the west”Playing a national scheduleArmy and navyUSC19199-01920Undefeated national championsEnded career with 5 national championshipsReconstruction-Civil Rights Act of 1875 Enforcement ActFederal law that guaranteed African Americans equal treatmentPublic accommodationsPublic transportationProhibited exclusion from jury service-The Supreme Court decided the act was unconstitutional in 1883Plessey vs. Ferguson 1896Supreme court validated segregation“Separate but equal”Similar History to BaseballInfant days of late 1800sIt was slightly opened to raceWith growth and profits and forming of corporate structureIt grew more segregatedFootball was not very profitable until 1920’s and 30’sFootball’s Infant Years1880’s baseball had the nation’s attentionNation’s game of choiceBefore 1900Organized football was not played much outside of a few colleges and athletic clubsThe rules were constantly changingPrinceton vs. Rutgers 196925 players on each side18825 yds. in three tries191210 yds. in four downsPresident Theodore RooseveltNew rules to improve safetyHistorically Black Colleges & Universities-HBCU’s began playing football at the same time-1st gameTiny Biddle University vs. Livingston CollegeThanksgiving Day 1892Biddies 4-0 (1 td)-1890s many HBCU’s had established football teams-190013 institutionsFew whose colleges permitted African Americans to playRegional PracticesGeographic regions had different levels of prejudiceThe south – no integrationThe west – no integrationNew England, upstate NY & MidwestWhere African Americans began to appear on white teamsPioneers at PWI-1888Amherst College had the first African American player-William H. LewisPlayed 4 yearsElected team captain in 1891-William Tecumseh Sherman JacksonJoined Lewis in 1890 and 1891-Another African American didn’t play at Amherst until 1908Edward grayEarned Walter Camp’s Third Honor team selectionAll- AmericanAmherst Star-Charlie Drew 1923-25Football, basketball, and track starElected captain of the track teamRare to have positions in athletic leadership-Famous physician-Perfect new technique in the storage of blood in WWIIHarvard – Nation’s Football Powerhouse-Powerhouse in 1890s-Starred William H. LewisSame player for AmherstGraduated and admitted to Harvard Law SchoolStandout playerWalter Camp’s Honor Team-Professional and graduate students were eligible for varsity sports-No restrictions on the