2/22Next Section of source:Nature: what’s inheritedNurture: the role of experience, specifically learning (conditioning)Chapter 4: pages 128-144. Genetics, heritability, twin studies, natural selection, we are the product of our evolutionary historyThe goal of psychology is to understand and predict behavior. To that requires some understanding of both nature and nurtureHow do we study the role of heredity:1. what are human beings like without cultural influences: wild children2. cross- cultural comparisons3.* twin studies: the unethical experienceSuper tests: pickier tastersTasteless: less pickyPTC:1932; chemical dust, bitter taste to lab assistant, not to chemistWild child:abandoned by parents & left to fend for themselves in wildDon’t develop language usually withoutCross cultural comparisons?It is peaceful or warlike when emerged with other cultures? Warlike (usually because they are competing over collecting more womenthe next best thing:identical and fraternal twinsidentical: duplicate sets of genesfraternal: different eggs/more like brother-sister relationshipexperiment: separate twins at birth and see how they develop in different environmentsknowing about someone’s genetics tells you a lot about theminteractions between. Genetic predisposition (nature) and treatment (nurture) Use 4 different breeds of dogs. What are the long term effects of overindulgence?Breeds: basenji, beagles, terriers, sheepdogsOverindulgent factor: encouraged dog, didn’t discipline themHalf disciplined: sit, stay, walk on leash, come when calledIndependent variable: type of discipline, breedDependent variable: how did dogs treat experiment?/did they remember trainingHow long were effects of training: 40 secondsIdentical and fraternal twinsReared together/reared apart4 possibilities1. Identical twins reared together: same heredity and similar environment2. Identical twins reared apart: same heredity and different environments3. Fraternal reared together: different heredity and similar environment4. Fraternal twins reared apart: different heredity and different environmentrank/order them in overall similarity between twinsmaximum similarity: identical twins reared togethermaximum dis similarity: fraternal twins reared apartidentical twins reared together, fraternal twins reared together: genetic differenceswhether you get divorced or not seems to have a strong genetic performanceenvironmental influence’s on personality traits are most clear highlight by comparing:identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apartheritabilitythe degree to which the differences among individuals is due to the differences among genesif everyone had same heredity, there would be much less variations among individualsBUT 100% of differences among us would be entirely due to environmental causes = hereibility zeroIf everyone had the same environment (impossible), but all had different genes, then we would all be more alikeHeritability would be extremely highEvolutionary psychologyExplaining behavior in terms perimariliy of its value for surivival of that individual and the probability that genes would be passed along to the next generationHas been used to explain lots of different kinds of behavior1. Who is most at risk for being killed by a parent: natural child or step child?2. Gender difference between man and women, sex and reproduction.What characteristics should a man look for in a woman, woman in man?Who invests more in the offspring, men or women?What should a man’s goal be inVideo:Birds beaks change in size year after the rain, not the year of the rainFridayConditioning/LearningBThe Nurture Part of Nature/NurtureWhat can we learn from a planarian. (What’s a planarian?)I. Definition: A relatively permanent change in behavior (or information) that results from experience. (I prefer this definition to the book’s definition.) Note what definition does:A. Indicates independent variable will be_____________________dependent variable will be.___________________________B. Excludes changes due to maturationC. Learning is inferred not directly observedD. Do you have to be conscious of what you have learned?Distinction between learning and performance. Effects of fatigue, motivationNote: latent learning, page 289II. Classical (Pavlovian) conditioningA. Pavlov and "psychic secretions"B. Basic procedure (paradigm) for producing classical conditioning. Suggestion: learn oneexample very well and use it to understand other examplesC. Human examples1. Bed wetting2. Learning without awareness3. PhobiasD. Important phenomena1. Acquisition (learning the response)/extinction (and curves)2. Spontaneous recovery3. Stimulus generalization/discrimination4. Higher order conditioningE. What is learned in classical conditioning?Classical Pavolvian conditioningPavolov and psychic secretionsBasic prodcedure for producing classical conditioningLearn one example very well and use it to understand other examplesHuman examplesBed wettingLearning without awarenessPhobiasImportant phenomenaAcquisition (learning the response)/extinction (and curves_)Spontaneous recoveryStimulus generalization/discriminationHigh order conditioningPresent stimulusFood in dogs mouthUnconditioned stimulusDog salvias at foodUnconditioned responseIf the aroma brewing coffee makes your heart race, what is theUnconditioned stimulus -> caffeineConditioned stimulusConditioned responseAcquisition CurveThe initial learning of the stimulus- response relationshipAs the NS and the US are paired more often, the CR becomes strongerExtinction is the diminished CR when an US no longer follows the CSGalvanic skin response – GSRMeasure of arousalSkin resistantceMicrosweatArousal -> sweat -> drop in GSRYou are questioning a person that you suspect to be a spy from gorto. He claims to speak no gortese. How could you use classical conditioning to see if he in fact spoke only English and not gortese?Condition them in EnglishThen say the word house in the gorteseShow no response then they are fineRemember:You cant state whether a particular response is a conditioned or undconditioned response unless you state what the stimulus was that evoked that response. Salivation may be a CR or UCR depending upon the stimulusCan you be conditioned?In an experimental situation you observe that a dog is salivating. Is this a CR or an UCR?Bedwetting:UCS- loud soundUCR- walking up to loud soundCS- full bladderCR- waking up to full bladderCar accident:UCS- crashUCR-fear