Final Exam Study GuidePSYC 3510 1st EditionBased on chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, & 15. This is just a guide focused on the major concepts, make sure you read the assigned chapters. Sample/population distinction statistic/parameter Sampling error Features of experimental, non-experimental and correlational studies (comparison between them) Discrete/continuous variables IV/DV Shape of distributions Extracting info from frequency (regular and grouped) tables/graphs Mean, median, mode (what they are, when one is better than others as a measure of central tendency) Characteristics of the mean Range Deviation scores SD and variance (relationship between them) Z-scores (meaning) Standardizing a distribution (M and SD) Comparing scores across distributions Hypothesis testing Null and alternative hypotheses Critical region Type I and Type II Error Impact of sample size, variability and mean differences on hypothesis testing Between/Within subjects designsWhen to use independent samples t-test When to use (also comparison with related/dependent samples t-test) Advantages/disadvantages of independent samples over dependent/related samples Hypothesis testing with t-test (independent and related/dependent) Null and alternative hypothesis with t-test (independent and related/dependent) Correlation: Linear relationship Pearson’s r: meaning, when to use Positive and negative r, strength of the relationship, statistical significance Null and alternative hypothesis for correlation Accuracy in prediction (squaring r) Hypothesis testing with r Identifying positive and negative correlations from graphs and description of studies What a scatter plot tells us: “data points that are clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right” Uses of correlation: validity, reliability, theory testing Issues in interpreting correlations: - correlation is not causation - range restriction - outliers - accuracy (variance explainedReading and interpreting SPSS output for all the tests/analyses covered in