PETE 662 Production EngineeringSlide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14PETE 662Production EngineeringChapter 1The Role of Petroleum Production EngineeringUltimate Objective of Production Engineering• To maximize the well productivity in a cost-effective mannerComponents of Petroleum Production SystemReservoirUnderground Well CompletionWellWellhead AssemblySurface FacilitiesCommon Reservoir RockSandstone Limestone Typical reservoir rock is porous and permeableX-Ray Synchrotron Microtomorgraphy3-D Image of Berea Sandstone Hydrocarbon accumulates in small pore space with pore size ranging from nm to μmRock PorositybPVV=φebulk volum : volumepore :bPVV Porosity is defined as the volume fraction of the reservoir rock occupied by void spaceFluid SaturationsPwVVSwater= Fluid saturation is defined as the fraction of the pore space occupied by a given fluidPoVVSoil=PgVVSgas=Water Saturation Oil Saturation Gas SaturationRock Permeabilitypkq ∆ αDarcy’s Experimentrateflow :q21hhp −=∆typermeabili constant : =k Permeability describes ability of fluids to flow through porous rock Permeability is a characteristic property of the porous rockOil Well Drilling – 3D Animationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3anE3PEPP8Underground Well CompletionWellhead AssemblyChristmas Treehttp://oilandgastechnologies.wordpress.comhttp://docstoc.comSurface FacilitiesUltimate Objective of Production Engineering• To maximize the well productivity in a cost-effective manner)61( −−−−−=−=DrwfJBkhppqJµαOil Well Productivity Index)71(ln1−−−−−+=srrJweDFor steady-state flow to a vertical well,To increase well productivity:1. maximize JDby minimizing the skin, s, through well stimulation and cleanup (e.g., acidizing, hydraulic fracturing, ..., etc.)2. for a given J, maximize flow rate, q, by maximizing the pressure drawdown, (p – pwf) through decreasing bottomhole flowing pressure pwf(e.g., removing restrictions, applying artificial lift, ..,