Biological Foundations of Speech/LanguageStructures of Speech and HearingRespiratory SystemPhonatory SystemMajor Structures of the LarynxStructures of the larynxHow phonation (voice) occursVocal fold vibrationDifferences in Fundamental FrequencyChanges in intensity (loudness) of the voiceRelationship of respiration and phonationResonance SystemNasal ResonancePowerPoint PresentationArticulatory SystemArticulatory StructuresReviewSlide 18Nervous SystemThe Central Nervous SystemBrainThe BrainSlide 23Slide 24Cerebral lobesSlide 26Cerebral LobesSlide 28Parts of the Frontal LobeBroca’s areaTemporal Lobe -Other important structures of the brainPeripheral Nervous SystemCranial nervesSpinal nervesSlide 36Biological Foundations of Speech/LanguageStructures of Speech and Hearing1. Respiratory System – power source2. Phonatory System – sound source3. Resonatory System – perceptual changes4. Articulatory System – turbulence5. Nervous system6. Auditory systemRespiratory SystemDiaphragm - large muscle at the base of the lungs that contracts to expand the lungs for inhalationTrachea - tube of cartilage through which air moves in and out of the lungsLungs- supplies the air needed for speechhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1YtXc_84APhonatory SystemLarynx - valve which opens and closes allowing air to enter and escape from the tracheaFunction of larynx:•Protect against aspiration•PhonationMajor Structures of the LarynxCricoid Cartilage - forms the base of the larynxThyroid cartilage - forms the front and sides of the larynxVocal folds- open, close, vibrateArytenoid cartilages - control opening and closing of the vocal foldsGlottis - opening between vocal foldsStructures of the larynxHow phonation (voice) occursVocal folds are open (abducted) during quiet breathingTo produce voice, the vocal folds come together (adduct)Pressure builds up below the closed vocal foldsThe build up of pressure causes vocal folds to vibrateAnimation of phonation http://vimeo.com/13591762Normal vocal fold: http://www.entusa.com/normal_larynx.htmVocal fold vibration •Pitch – speed of vibrations•Pitch is measured in hertz (Hz) - the number of vibrations per second.•Habitual pitch is the average pitch a person uses during speaking.•Size and mass of the vocal folds impact pitch.•Higher pitch - thin stretched folds•Lower pitch - short thick foldsDifferences in Fundamental FrequencyMen - 125 HzWomen - 225 HzYoung children - 400 HzChanges in intensity (loudness) of the voiceIntensity - the relative power or pressure of sound, measured in decibels (dB).Determined by the degree of subglottic air pressure (pressure below the closed vocal folds).Increased intensity (louder voice) is achieved by more air moving out of the lungs and tighter closure of the vocal folds.Relationship of respiration and phonationSustain “aaaah”Run in place for 30 seconds, now sustain “aaaah”Resonance SystemVibration of air in oral cavitiesThe structures of throat, larynx , mouth and nose can be modified to change the shape of the resonating chamber.As structures move, the shape of the resonating chamber is altered.We perceive the change in the vibrationsNasal ResonanceVelum or Soft palate-moves to control airflow through noseNasality - resonance through nose (sounds m,n,ing) are “nasal”Hypernasality - too much nasal resonanceDenasality- insufficient nasal resonanceArticulatory SystemArticulators disrupt airflow and cause turbulanceThis results in the production of sounds or phonemes.Articulatory StructuresTongueLipsMandiblePalateTeeth3D SpeechReviewWhat are the four components of speech production?What are the major structures of the respiratory system?What happens when we breathe in/out?What is the major structure of the phonatory system? What are its major parts?How is voice produced?What term represents the speed of vocal fold vibration?ReviewWhat term represents the amplitude or movement of the vocal folds?Thin quickly vibrating vocal folds result in?Thick slower vibrating vocal folds result in?A louder voice is the result of _____ movement of the vocal folds.What are the major structures of the resonance system?Too much nasal resonance is?Insufficient nasal resonance is?What are the major articulators?Nervous SystemTwo divisions:Central - brain, spinal cordPeripheral - cranial nerves, spinal nervesThe Central Nervous SystemInterprets sensory information gathered by the peripheral nervous systemIncludes the brain and spinal cordDirectly controls human communicationOZhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nauLgZISozs Brain – 6 minuteshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UukcdU258ABrainCerebrumCerebellumBrainstemOnline activityThe BrainBrainstem •Developed first as brain evolved•Controls primitive reflexes and basic autonomic functions•Major structures include the medulla, pons, and the midbrain•Damage to the medulla often results in paralysis and sensory deficits to the speech production structures•The medulla controls the swallow reflexThe BrainCerebellum - •Lies behind the brain stem•Regulates body posture, balance and motor coordination•Damage to the cerebellum results in ataxia -a movement coordination disorder which can affect speech productionThe BrainThe Cerebrum- •Most important part of the brain for communication•Divided into the left and right hemisphere•Corpus callosum carries information between hemispheres•The cerebral hemispheres can be divided further into four lobesCerebral lobesOccipital lobeParietal lobeFrontal lobeTemporal lobeLeft hemisphere is language dominant hemisphere for most peoplePerisylvian region - language dominant areaCerebral LobesOccipital Lobe - •back part of the brain just above the cerebellum•processes visual informationParietal Lobe - •primary area for processing sensory information•reading, writing, and word-finding problems may occur when the parietal lobe is damagedCerebral LobesFrontal Lobe - •controls motor movements •anterior most part controls “executive skills”•two important areas for speech production•Motor cortex•Broca’s area (left side only)Parts of the Frontal LobeMotor Cortex - •controls volitional movements of most of the body•homunculus - “upside-down man” which maps the specific areas of