PHIL 2400 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide1. Establishment Clausea. Statements in first amendment of the Bill of Right prohibiting the United States Congressfrom passing legislation respecting an establishment of religion2. Free Exercise Clausea. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting thereof..3. Religion in the Constitution(aside from the First Amendment) 4. Pluralism a. The free existence of many faithsb. Separate religions exist side by side and maintain their differences5. Post-pluralisma. The new combinations that occur as people borrow religious ideas and practices from one anotherb. Religions consciously or unconsciously borrow from one another and combine ideas and practices6. The “4 C’s”a. Creeds – explanations about the meaning of human lifei. Catholicism –God is the creator of the universe and is largely unreachable, original sin, Jesus is God’s son, Mary is the mother of Jesusii. Protestantism – personal connection with God, priesthood of all, Jesus is the savior, Grace is a gift from God, belief in Jesus and God is most importantb. Codes – rules that govern everyday behaviori. Catholicism – following the 7 Sacraments, keeping up with the Popeii. Protestantism –personal connection with God is possible, announcing beliefc. Cultuses – rituals to act out the understandings expressed in creeds and codesi. Catholicism – communion, baptism, eucharist, etc, going to mass every Sunday morningii. Protestantism – acts out some of the sacraments, prayer as a group, having massive conversion meetings to lead people to belief in Godd. Communities – groups of people either formally or informally bound together by the creed, code and cultus they sharei. Catholicism – organized liturgy, Pope, bishops etc. creates clustered groups of Catholics due to Sunday morning mass at the churchii. Protestantism – began to emphasis social justice and brought many different denominations of Protestants together to improve conditions, revival meetings7. Cantwell v. Connecticut (194)a. Cantwell and his sons were arrested after playing a phonograph asking for money to tworoman catholic menb. Charged with violating the Connecticut law requiring solicitors to obtain a certificate before soliciting funds from the public and inciting a common law breach of the peacec. Cantwell’s claimed that the government did not have the right to determine whether they were participating in a religiond. Congress ruled for the Connecticut law8. Everson v. Ewing Township (1947)a. First case that applied the establishment clause to state lawb. New Jersey taxpayer sued the school system for reimbursing parents of students taking public transportation to private religious schoolsc. Under 1st amendment, laws shouldn’t use tax money to support religiond. Supreme court ruled in favor of the reimbursement because public transportation or lack thereof was a matter of safety for the childrene. Private schools in area were mainly catholic but reimbursement would have applied to other religious schools9. Christian Privilegea. The idea that Christians have certain privileges in political and social life10. Lemon Testa. Contained three statutes for legislation concerning religionb. 1) the statue must not result in an “excessive government entanglement” with religious affairsc. 2) the statue must not advance or inhibit religious practice, legislative’s primary effect should remain neutral to any particular religiond. 3) the statute must have a secular legislative purpose, can’t encourage excessive entanglement11. Native American Sacred landa. Had connections with the land and living things as if they were relatives of their family12. American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978)a. Congress resolved that “it shall be the policy of the United States to protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express and exercise [their] traditional religions.”13. Hebrew Biblea. Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Adam, Abraham, Mosesb. Early on saw the close relationships between fertility of land and crops and reproductively of men and womenc. But then changed ideas to be more focused on time than space14. Yom Kippura. 10 days after the Jewish New Yearb. Jews fast, do penance, and confess what they feel to be sinful nature before God15. Sacrament and sacramentsa. Little s – is a sacred sign – person, place, object or action that is regarded as holy, a placewhere a divine world is experienced as breaking into the human one, a bridge between worlds16. Bishop’s Letter on the Economya. vague advice to American political system to assist all of its citizens and help better working conditions17. Social Gospel movementa. 1880-1914b. Happened in response to political/social challenges in Americac. Working conditions were terribled. Saw the true task of Christians as to rescue the poor and creating political, economic andsocial ordere. Reformists – worked to change how employers treated and paid employers18. Electa. In the Calvinist faith, they were people who were predestined to be a part of salvation and there was no way to determine who they were except the sign that elects were possessed a righteous and reformed pattern of livingb. This required “righteousness” caused believers behave more righteously to show that they could be a part of the elect19. Ecumenical Movementa. Developed due to absence of religious symbols in public and growing pluralism in privatesphereb. Reunification of separated churches20. Evangelisma. Idea that the word of the Bible should be spread to everyoneb. Had its roots in ideas such as the Great Commission, Americans are chosen, Revivalism, and Millennialism 21. The Dover Casea. Tammy Kitzmiller challenged the curricula requirement of the Dover Area School District to teach intelligent design in biology classes using the alternative textbook Of Pandas and Peopleb. Ruled teaching intelligent design as an alternative to Evolution in biology classrooms as unconstitutional22. Intelligent Designa. Philosophically oriented theory of the beginning of lifeb. Focuses on theories of life being irreducibly complex23. Creationisma. Theory that teaches the direct creation of the universe and the separate creation of humans and apesb. Includes literal readings of the book of Genesisc. Has no empirical data and offers no future prospects24. Scientific theorya. Well researched and