Module 14: Musculoskeletal SystemSection 1: Anatomy and Physiology- Lesson 1: Bone Functiono Composition and Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Composed of mainly muscles and bones- Supportive structureso Tendonso Cartilageo Bursae- Jointso Connect bones and muscles o Enable complex movements Functions- Provide framework, protection and support for the body’s internal organs- Enables movement (internal and external)- Provides its own storage areas for minerals needed for:o Bone growtho Developmento Repair- Red bone marrow within bones aid in the formation of blood.o Osseous Tissue and Osteocytes Osseous – bony- Bony tissue is suffused with a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves Osteocytes- Bone cells (make up the osseous tissue along with dense connective tissue (collagen) and intercellular calcium salts.- Oste/o = bone- Cyte = Cello Bone Formation Cartilage (chondr/o)- Bones of an embryo begin as this.- Osseous tissue without intercellular calcium salts- Ossificationo During fetal development, calcium salts are deposited within thecartilageo Bone Growth Epiphyseal Line- Area of cartilage tissue that is being replaced by new bony tissue as the bone grows- Named because it marks the area of growth along the epiphysiso Bony end of a long boneo AKA = Epiphyseal Plate or Growth Plate As cartilage cells at the edges of this plate form a new bone, the bone lengthens When bone achieves full length, epiphyseal plate calcifieso Kinds of Osteocytes Osteoblasts- Smaller, immature osteocytes- Form bony tissue that replaces the cartilage- -blast = embryonic or immature Osteoclasts- AKA Bone Phagocytes- Larger bone cells- Reabsorb or digest bony tissue and bone minerals inside-[ each boneo Enlarging inner cavityo Process prevents the bone from becoming too thick and heavy- -clast = break- Lesson 2 : Bone Composition and Structureo Bone Types Long Bones- Found in legs and arms- Each end is called an epiphysis- Proximal Epiphysiso Closes to the midline of the body- Distal Epiphysiso Farther end- Diaphysiso Middle shaf- Metaphysiso When the epiphyseal plate and the epiphysis change and grow together- Articular cartilageo The end of any bone that meets another bone is protected from any bone-to-bone contact by this cushion of slick, smooth, but very tough fibrous tissue Short bones- Found in wrists and ankles Flat bones- Cover sof body pars- Includeso Shoulder blades, ribs, pelvic bones and skull. Sesamoid Bones- Small rounded bones found near any joint- Increase the efficiency of the joint muscles around them- Patellao Largest of the sesamoid bones Irregular bones- Bones that don’t fit into the other 4 categories- Includeo Vertebrae Bones of the spineo Ossicles Bones of the earo Bone Processes and Depressions Bone Depressions- Any groove, opening or hollow space- Help join bones together and offer protection for blood vessels and nerves in the area Bone Processes- When bone is raised or projected- Ofen areas of attachments for ligaments or muscleso Bone Layers Periosteum- Structure that surrounds the bone- Is tough- Comprises the outermost surface of long bones o Except at the ends of epiphyses Compact bone- Just below the periosteum- Strongest, hardest, densest layer- Contains blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the bone while also removing waste products, such as: carbon dioxide.- Haversian Canalso Channels within the compact bone that blood vessels move through Spongy Bone- AKA = Cancellous Tissue- Found in the interior of many boneso Spaces that are usually filled with marrow- Contains more holes that compact bones- Found in most bones beneath the compact boneo Bone Marrow Red bone marrow- Thin layer of spongy bone- Called this because it is rich in blood in both mature and immature blood cells Yellow Bone Marrow- Made up of mostly fat cells- Endosteum- Lines the medulla cavity within the compact bone- Lesson 3: The Two Skeletonso Axial v. Appendicular Skeletons Axial Skeleton- Consists ofo Skullo Ribso Spinal Columno Sternum Appendicular Skeleton- Consists ofo Upper & Lower Extremitieso Shoulder and Pelvic Girdles- Lesson 3: Axial Skeletono Jaw Bones Maxillary Bone (Maxilla) (maxill/o)- Upper jaw bone Mandibular Bone (mandible) (mandibul/o)- The lower jaw Both jaw bones contain- Aveoli (sockets) for holding teeth Temporomadibular Joint (TMJ)- Temporal bone and mandible bone together form thiso Sinuses Sinus (sinus/o)- Small air cavityo Vertebral Column 26 vertebraeo Divisions of the Vertebral Column Cervical vertebrae (Cervic/o)- The first 7- Form the bony aspect of the neck and are numbered C1-C7 Thoracic Vertebrae (Thorac/o)- Upper back- Only vertebrae that articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs- Are numbered T1-T12 Dorsal Vertebrae (Dors/o)- D1-D12 Lumbar Vertebrae (Lumb/o)- L1-L5- Strongest and largest of the back bones- Lumbar = pertaining to the loins- (part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis) Costals = Ribs (cost/o)- Lumbocostalo Pertaining to the ribs and loinso Sacrum and Coccyx Sacrum (sacr/o)- Triangular- Sacralo Pertaining to the sacrum Coccyx (coccyg/o)- Tailbone- Coccygealo Pertaining to the coccyxo Intervertebral Disks Cartilaginous disks found in between the vertebrae in the spineo Thoracic Cavity Rib Cage Sternum- Breast bone- Manubriumo Upper part of the sternum Xiphoid Process (xiph/o)- Cartilage as well as bone- Appendicular Skeletono consists of  the upper and lower limbs or extremities  the pelvic and shoulder girdleso it is the appendicular skeleton that makes body movement possibleo it also helps protect internal organso Shoulder Girdle Clavicle (clavic/o) (clavicul/o)- collar bone- connects the sternum to each shoulder blade acromion (acromi/o)- acromion process,- Extends from the scapula - the highest point acromioclavicular (AC) joint - The acromion and clavicle articulate to form the.o Upper Extremity (Arm Bones) Humerus (humer/o), Upper arm bone- Forms the shoulder joint at its upper, or proximal, end, where it intersects with the scapula. - The humerus forms the elbow at its lower, or distal, end The olecranon process- a projection at the upper end of the ulna, which is felt as the bony pointof the elbow.o Wrist and Hand Bones Wrist- 4 Carpals (carp/o) Palm of Hand- 5 Metacarpals (metacarp/o) Phalanges (phalang/o)- Finger bones- Nearest the palm = proximal- Nearest