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UT Arlington BIOL BIOL 3427 - glossary

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BRYOPHYTE AND SEEDLESS PLANTS GLOSSARYAarchegonium: a multicellular structure that contains an egg cellantheridium: a multicellular sperm-producing structure; found in the bryophytes and in some vascular plantsalternation of generations: a reproductive cycle in which a haploid phase, the gametophyte, produces gametes, which, after fusion in pairs to form a zygote, germinate, producing a diploid phase, the sporophyte.angiosperm: one of a group of plants whose seeds are borne within a mature ovary (fruit)asexual reproduction: the creation of new individual plants without the involvement of gametes; vegetative reproduction such as the formation and rooting of plantlets, leaves and stems, fragmentation of rhizomesaxillary bud: a bud that forms in the upper angle (axil) between a stem and a leaf Bbrood body: a structure that functions as a vegetative propagule, such as gemmae, bulbils and underground tubers; a term usually restricted to the bryophytes; a form of asexual reproductionbipinnate: having each segment (pinna) of a leaf divided to the midrib into secondary pinna; see pinna and pinnatebryophytes: the members of the phyla of nonvascular plants: mosses, hornworts and liverwortsCcapsule: the sporangium of bryophytescalyptra: the hood or cap that partially or entirely covers the capsule of some mosses; formed from the top half of the expanded archegoniumcilia: fine hairs on the leaves and stems of some liverwortscoelocaule: a hollow outgrowth from a leafy liverwort stem that surrounds an archegoniumcompound leaf: a leaf whose blade is divided into several distinct leafletscone: a sporangium-containing structure consisting of a number of modified leaves or ovule-bearing scales grouped terminally on a stem; a strobilusconifer: a cone-bearing tree; a member of the phylum Coniferophytaclubmoss: small, creeping or pendulous plants with narrow, evergreen leaves (microphylls) and in some, terminal, club-like cones; members of the phylum Lycophytacladophyll: a branch resembling a foliage leafcuticle: a waxy or fatty layer on the outer wall of epidermal cells; formed of cutin and waxcotyledon: the first leaf formed by the embryo in seed plants. Ddiploid: having two sets of chromosomes; characteristic of the sporophyte generation of plantsdichotomy, ad, dichotomous: the division or forking of a stem into two branchesdivaricating: branching at widely divergent angles; intertangled stems spreading at a wide angledicotyledon or dicot: those angiosperms characterized by having two cotyledons in their seedsdehiscing or dehiscent: said of any structure that is rupturing or splitting open; capsule opening in the bryophytesEelater: a filamentous, spirally thickened cell which changes shape with humidityendemic, n., endemism: restricted to a certain regionepiphyte: a plant that grows upon another plant but is not parasitic on itFfoot: the lower portion of the moss sporophyte that is embedded in the tip of the moss stem; an absorbing organ.flagellum, pl, flagella: a long, thread-like organelle that protrudes from the surface of a sperm cell; used in locomotionflower: a reproductive structure of angiosperms; in its generalized form, consisting of sepals, petals, stamens and carpelsfrond: the leaf of a fernGgametangium: a multicellular structure in which gametes are formed gamete: a haploid reproductive cell; gametes fuse in pairs forming diploid zygotes.gametophyte: the gamete-forming haploid (1n). More detailgemma: pl., gemmae: a small mass of vegetative tissue that when broken off, can form a new plant; common in the bryophytes.gymnosperm: a seed plant with seeds not enclosed in an ovaryHhaploid: having one set of chromosomes; characteristic of the gametophyte generationhepatics: a term for the liverworts or Hepatophytaheterospory, adj., heterosporous: having two types of spores designated as microspores and megasporeshomospory, adj. homosporous: having only one kind or size of sporehydroid: water transporting cells found in some mosses.Iindusium: a membranous growth of the epidermis of a fern leaf that covers a group of sporangia (sorus)integument: the outermost layer of tissue enveloping the ovule; develops into the seed coatinternode: the part of a stem between two successive nodesLlamina: the blade of a leafleptoid: carbohydrate transporting cells found in some mosses.lignin: a long-chain molecule added to cell walls that imparts great strength and stiffness; also is a waterproofing agent in cell wallsMmeiosis: two successive nuclear divisions in which the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid and the segregation of genes occurs; meiosis in plants takes place during spore formationmicropyle: a pore in the outer (integument) of an ovule that leads to the sporangium inside. mitosis: one nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate and the daughter chromosomes form two genetically identical daughter nuclei; mitosis in plants takes place in somatic tissue during growth and also during the formation of sperm and eggsmorphology: the study of form and its developmentmegaspore: in heterosporous plants a large spore that develops into a female gametophyte;meristem: the undifferentiated, perpetually young plant tissue from which new cells arisemicrophyll: a small leaf with one vein and one leaf trace that does not leave a gap in the vascular cylinderof the stem; common in the Lycophytamicrospore: in heterosporous plants, a small spore that develops into a male gametophytemegaphyll: generally a large leaf with several to many veins; its leaf traces leave gaps (leaf gaps) in the vascular cylindermonocotyledon, monocot: a plant whose embryo has one cotyledon; one of the two great classes of angiosperms.mycorrhiza, pl mycorrhizae: a symbiotic association between certain fungi and plant roots; characteristic of most vascular plantsmicrospore: a spore that develops into a male gametophyte; characteristic of heterosporous plantsNnitrogen fixation: the incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds; carried out by certain free-living and symbiotic bacterianode: the region of the stem where leaves are attachedOoperculum: in mosses, the lid of the capsule or sporangiumPparaphyllia: fine outgrowths from the stem in some mossesparaphysis, pl., paraphyses: sterile filaments growing among the gametangia of most mosses and some liverworts that aid in the retention of waterparenchyma: living thin walled cells of variable size and form. More detailperistome: in mosses, the


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