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UT Arlington BIOL BIOL 3427 - Bryophytes Notes

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BryophytesChapter 16BryophytesMosses (Phylum Bryophyta)Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta)Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta)Significant role as carbon sinksPioneer speciesSensitive to air pollutionBryophytesTransitional between green algae and plants in their characteristicsBryophytes and vascular plants have:Male and female gametangiaRetention of developing embryoMulticellular diploid sporophyteMulticellular sporangiaSpores which resists decay and dryingTissues produced by an apical meristemThalloidHornworts and liverworts have flat and dichotomously branched gametophytes called thalliThalli are undifferentiatedIn comparison, gametophytes of leafy bryophytes and mosses have “stems” and “leaves”RhizoidsGametophytes are attached to surfaces by rhizoidsRhizoids serve to anchor the plant in bryophytesMosses have special hairs to absorb waterReproductionAsexual reproduction is achieved through formation of gemmaeSexual reproductionMale gametangia = antheridiaFemale gametangia = archegoniaBryophytes have flagellated sperm that must swim to the eggReproduction therefore requires waterSporesSpores are encased in sporopolleninSpores germinate to become protonemata in mosses, then develop gametophytes and gametangiaHepatophytaLiverworts or hepaticsSome genera develop protonema, but most gametophytes develop directly from sporesGametophytes continue to grow from apical meristemThree groups of liverwortsComplex thalloid liverwortsLeafy liverwortsSimple thalloid liverwortsComplex thalloid liverwortsCells are differentiatedMarchantia is an exampleAnthocerophytaSmall phylum of 100 speciesCells of most species have a single large chloroplastRosette-like gametophyteDichotomous branching is not apparentBryophytaThree classesSphagnidae – Peat mossesAndreaeidae – Granite mossesBryidae – True mossesSphagnidaeUnusual protonemaPlate of cells rather than filamentsAcidify their environmentPerforated cell walls allow high waterholding capacityAndreaeidaeTufted mossesProtonemata have two rows of cells rather than oneRhizoids have two rows of cellsCapsules have lines of weak cellsBryidaeProtonema are single-celled and filamentousWater conducting tissueTrue mosses have a central strand of water conducting tissue called hadromHydroids are water conducting cellsIn some mosses, food conducting cells called leptoids are present (leptom)Cushiony versus featheryBryophytesChapter 16Bryophytes Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta) Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta) Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta) Significant role as carbon sinks Pioneer species Sensitive to air pollutionBryophytes Transitional between green algae and plants in their characteristics Bryophytes and vascular plants have: Male and female gametangia Retention of developing embryo Multicellular diploid sporophyte Multicellular sporangia Spores which resists decay and drying Tissues produced by an apical meristemThalloid Hornworts and liverworts have flat and dichotomously branched gametophytes called thalli Thalli are undifferentiated In comparison, gametophytes of leafy bryophytes and mosses have “stems” and “leaves” Rhizoids Gametophytes are attached to surfaces by rhizoids Rhizoids serve to anchor the plant in bryophytes Mosses have special hairs to absorb waterReproduction Asexual reproduction is achieved through formation of gemmaeSexual reproduction Male gametangia = antheridia Female gametangia = archegonia Bryophytes have flagellated sperm that must swim to the egg Reproduction therefore requires waterSpores Spores are encased in sporopollenin Spores germinate to become protonemata in mosses, then develop gametophytes and gametangiaHepatophyta Liverworts or hepatics Some genera develop protonema, but most gametophytes develop directly from spores Gametophytes continue to grow from apical meristemThree groups of liverworts Complex thalloid liverworts Leafy liverworts Simple thalloid liverwortsComplex thalloid liverworts Cells are differentiated Marchantia is an exampleAnthocerophyta Small phylum of 100 species Cells of most species have a single large chloroplast Rosette-like gametophyte Dichotomous branching is not apparentBryophyta Three classes Sphagnidae – Peat mosses Andreaeidae – Granite mosses Bryidae – True mossesSphagnidae Unusual protonema Plate of cells rather than filaments Acidify their environment Perforated cell walls allow high waterholding capacityAndreaeidae Tufted mosses Protonemata have two rows of cells rather than one Rhizoids have two rows of cells Capsules have lines of weak cellsBryidae Protonema are single-celled and filamentousWater conducting tissue True mosses have a central strand of water conducting tissue called hadrom Hydroids are water conducting cells In some mosses, food conducting cells called leptoids are present (leptom)Cushiony versus


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UT Arlington BIOL BIOL 3427 - Bryophytes Notes

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