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GSU ASTR 1010 - Final Exam Study Guide

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ASTR 1010 1st EditionExam #4 Study Guide Lectures: 18-23Lecture 18 (November 4)The Moon, Mercury & VenusKnow the similarities and differences between the moon and Mercury.A. Similarities.- Small Masses- Moon: 0.012 Mass of Earth- Mercury: 0.055 Mass of Earth- Small Sizes- Moon: 0.27 Radius of Earth- Mercury: ).36 R Earth- Low Escape Speeds- Moon: 2.4 km/s- Mercury: 4.2 km/s- Highly cratered surfaces- No atmosphere (other than temporarily attracted solar winds.)- Large Temperature Swings- Moon: 100 – 400K- Mercury: 100-700K (Largest variation of all- Rotation and revolution locked in resonances (spin orbit resonance)- Moon: 1.1- Mercury: 3.2- Either no magnetic field (Moon) Or an extremely weak one (Mercury)B. Differences- Density- Moon: 3.3 g / cm3, Mercury: 5.4 g/ cm3 (Similar to Earth & Venus)- Formation- Moon was probably formed by a collision of a large planet (Maybe Mars’ size)- Mercury’s formation was probably similar to Earth’s Venus’ and Mars’ formation.Know the properties of Venus. A. Properties- Mass is 0.106 Earth’s Mass. (via Phobos and Deimos)- Radius is 0.53 of Earth- Density is 3.93 g / cm3, It has a different interior than Earth, Venus, or Mercury- Atmosphere: CO2 rich, H2O- Temperature: 200 – 300K- Pressure: 0.01 Atms- Magnetic field: 1/800 (Earth)- Orbital Period: 686.9 days- Rotational Period: 24h, 37min- Tilt of Axis: 24 degrees- Equatorial Tilt: 24.0 degrees, similar to Earth- Mars has seasons also- Clouds- White: CO2- Yellow: Dust (Dust Storms)- Blue HazeLecture 19 (November 6) MarsList the properties of Mars.- Radius is 0.53 of Earth- Density is 3.93 g / cm3, It has a different interior than Earth, Venus, or Mercury- Atmosphere: CO2 rich, H2O- Temperature: 200 – 300K- Pressure: 0.01 Atms- Magnetic field: 1/800 (Earth)- Orbital Period: 686.9 days- Rotational Period: 24h, 37min- Tilt of Axis: 24 degrees- Equatorial Tilt: 24.0 degrees, similar to Earth- Mars has seasons also- Clouds- White: CO2- Yellow: Dust (Dust Storms)- Blue Haze- Interior- Crust: 100km thick- Mantle: 2050km thick, not plastic now.- Core: 1250 km thick in radius (made of FeS)1. NO bulk magnetic field, no liquid and/or no pure Fe/Ni2. Less metals than other terrestrial planets, percentage-wise3. Mars is small and cooled off too fast to establish plate tectonics.Lecture 20 (November 13) The Moon’s PhasesDescribe each term or phrase.I. JupiterB. Atmosphere- H, He, Methane, and Ammonia- Horizontal bands in the atmosphere (alternating reddish/light colored bands) – reddish color due to Ammonia- Great red spot (large, high pressure storm; 16,000 x 36,000 miles), permanent feature- Rotational period (Differential Rotation)a. 9 hrs. 50 min.b. 9 hrs. 56 min.- Radiates more energy than it receives from the sun due to slow contraction of planet.C. Properties- Orbital Period: 11.86 years- Rotational Period: 9 hrs. 56min.- Tilt of Axis of Rotation: 3 degrees- Mass: 318 M(Earth)- Radius: 11.2 R(Earth)- Ring system detected by VoyagerD. Magnetic Properties- Mag. Field = 100 x Mag field of Earth- Tilt of Mag Axis: 9.6 degrees- Strongest planetary magnetic field in Solar System- Most extensive radiation belts- Radio emissions from Radial belts modulated by Jovian longitude and theposition of IoE. Internal Structure- Core (tiny amount of real metals. Not enough to generate string mag field)- Metallic Hydrogen- Molecular Hydrogen Mush (thick, soupy)- Hydrogen-Helium atmosphereF. Galilean Satellites- Io (innermost. 1.5 x the size of Earth’s moon)a. Surface covered with active volcanoes, the largest is Prometheus. Sulfur lies in Io’s orbitb. Geological activity produced by the tidal forces of Jupiter. (causes active volcanoes; flexing of crust generates thermal energy)c. Provides controlling influence on the radio emissions from Jupiter’s radiation belts- Europa: Surface covered with network of lines and cracks and clear fieldsof ice. Probably the result of icy volcanism. May contain water beneath the surface. Possibility of life.- Ganymede: Largest moon in the solar system, many impact craters, and a weak magnetosphere. Tenuous, but permanent atmosphere.- Calisto: Highly cratered surface, largest crater is Valhalla (is surrounded by concentric shock rings.)Lecture 21 (November 18)Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and PlutoDescribe each of the four planets.I. SaturnA. AtmosphereB. PropertiesC. Magnetic PropertiesD. Internal StructureE. SatellitesII. UranusIII. NeptuneIV. PlutoCurrent LectureII. JupiterG. Atmosphere- H, He, and Methane (Ammonia not detected)- Horizontal bands in the atmosphere (low contrast due to absence of Ammonia)- Rotational period (Differential Rotation, fluid planet)c. 10 hrs. 16 min.d. 10 hrs. 40 min.- Radiates more energy than it receives from the sun due to slow contraction of planet.- Would float in water. Density = .75 D (Earth)H. Properties- Orbital Period: 29.4 years- Tilt of Axis of Rotation: 26.7 degrees- Mass: 95 M(Earth)- Radius: 9.45 R(Earth)- Extensive Ring Systema. Cassini Divisionb. Braided Ring – Magnetic Influencec. Shepard SatellitesI. Magnetic Properties- Mag. Field (Saturn) = 0.67 x Mag field of Earth- Tilt of Mag Axis: 9.6 degrees- Radiation belts are depleted due to ringsJ. Internal Structure- Core - Metallic Hydrogen- Molecular Hydrogen Mush - Hydrogen-Helium atmosphereK. Galilean Satellites- Titan d. Largest moon of Saturne. Nitrogen-rich atmospheref. Ionosphere- Mimas: Has large crater on surface near the size necessary to disrupt thismoon- Iapetus: Two hemisphere have extremely different albedos – one is highlyreflective, the other is covered with soot-like material.- Tethys and Dione: Cratered, cracked surface with evidence of some Maria, icy flooding activity- Enceladus: Bright/shiny surface; likely has water ice volcanoes on its surface.III. Uranus- Mass: 14.5 M(Earth)- Rotational Period: 0.72 days- Axial tilt: 98 degrees- Magnetic field: .74 M(Earth)- Tilt of Mag. Axis: 58.6 degrees (Perhaps reversing)- Atmosphere: H, He, Methanea. No internal heat sourceb. High velocity (200-500Km/hr)- Rings: Nine thin rings – Shepard moons, all in Equatorial plane- Satellites (17)a. Oberon & Titania: Heavily cratered, dirty/icy surfaceb. Umbriel: Darkest, one bright spot (unexplained)c. Ariel: Resurfacing/Cracks due to crateringd. Miranda: Ridges/valleys; faults, torturous geological features – disrupted due to internal/external effectsIV. Neptune- Mass: 17 M(Earth)- Rotational Period: 0.67 days- Axial tilt: 29.6 degrees- Magnetic


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