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UIUC NRES 201 - Biotic Cycling of Nitrogen and Sulfur III

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NRES 201 Lecture 35 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Nitrogen Cyclea. Nitrificationb. Denitrification c. Plant Uptaked. Ammonium Fixatione. Ammonia Volatilization f. Leaching of NitrateNitrogen Fertilizer SourcesOutline of Current Lecture II. Comparison of nitrogen and sulfurIII. Sulfur in plantsIV. Sulfur in soilsV. The sulfur cycleVI. Sulfur fertilizer sourcesCurrent LectureSimilarities between Nitrogen and Sulfur - - Forms of occurrence - as organic and inorganic compounds- Presence in soil organic matter in microbial biomass and humus- Subject to microbial transformations for production of energy and biomass- Behavior as mobile nutrients - o N as NO3o S as SO4- Loss from soil by leaching or volatilization Differences between Nitrogen and Sulfur -- Elemental occurrence - N as a gas and S as a solid- Mineralogical occurrence - o N does not occur in minerals except as fixed NH4o S occurs in many minerals such as pyrite and gypsum - Biological Fixation - Major soil input of N but not S- Volatilization from Soilo N as simple inorganic compoundso S as volatile organic compounds- Plant demand - Much greater for N than for S- Fertilizer StatusThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o N is the most important fertilizer nutrient o S fertilizers are seldom applied but may become necessary in the future due to: Increase use of S free fertilizers and pesticides Higher crop yields Lower levels of atmospheric S Loss of soil organic matter from: Tillage, drainage, and intensive N fertilizationFunctions of sulfur in plants:- Protein and Enzyme Constituent - Three amino acids contain S- Synthesis of chlorophyll - Electron transport- Constituent of plant oils - especially for mustard and onion families Ester Sulfates- The major form of organic S in: Agricultural soils and prairie soils- Lower content in forest soilsMost soil S is organic in no calcareous temperate soils because SO4 leaches and organic S does not Like the N cycle- Inorganic S is immobilized- Organic S is mineralized- Microorganisms transform inorganic S- SO4 leaches- S volatilizesBut there are some differences- Such as S and SO4 minerals- SO4 can be adsorbed by clay- Mineralization produces either S or SO4- Elemental S undergoes microbial transformations- And organic forms of S are volatilizedAnnual addition of atmospheric S- Greatly reduced since the 1980s- Largest in the northeastern US- Smallest in the western USImpact on crop production - often beneficial by supplying SLosses of sulfur from soils -- Through crop removalo Most crops take up somewhat less S than P- By leaching and runoff- By volatilization - volatile loss or organic S compounds from aerobic or anaerobic soilsVolatilization of organic sulfur- Occurs in either aerobic or anaerobic soils- Probably accounts for most gaseous S loss- Substantial emissions from manured soils- Produces highly offensive odorsSulfur fertilizer sourcesElemental S- Least expensive S fertilizer- Requires a few weeks- Slower in cold soilGypsum- Contains 13-19% S- A byproduct of coal - fired power plants, the P fertilizer


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UIUC NRES 201 - Biotic Cycling of Nitrogen and Sulfur III

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