CHEM 102 Ch. 11-12 Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture I. Chemical and Physical Properties of MonosaccharidesII. Disaccharides a. Glycosidic Bondb. Important DisaccharidesIII. Reducing SugarsPolysaccharidesOutline of Current Lecture I. Classify LipidsII. Fatty Acid StructureIII. Triacylglycerols and reactions of themIV. Hydrolyzable and Nonhydrolyzable LipidsV. Steroids, Eicosanoids, and VitaminsVI. Protein FunctionsVII. Amino AcidsVIII. Zwitterions and PeptidesIX. Acid sequence and constitutional isomersX. Types of proteins and their functionsXI. Effect of temperature on proteinsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XII. Hydrolysis of proteinsCurrent LectureClassification of LipidsLipids- nonpolar compounds or compounds of low polarity- Most lipids are Amphipathic- part hydrophobic (afraid of water), part hydrophilic (water loving)- Lipids are either Hydrolyzable or NonhydrolyzableHydrolyzable Lipids include: Triacylglycerols, waxes, Glycerophospholipids, SphingolipidsNonHydrolyzable Lipids include: Steroids, Eicosanoids, Fat-Soluble VitaminsLipid Functions- Cell membrane Structure Creates a barrier for the cell Controls the flow of materials- Energy Storage Fats stored in adipose tissue- Hormones and Vitamins Hormones help with communication between cells Vitamins assist in the regulation of bodily functionsFatty AcidsFatty Acids- carboxylic acids with ling hydrogen chains; all lipids contain at least one fatty acid- Fatty acids can be Saturated- all carbon-carbon single bonds- Or Unsaturated- at least one carbon-carbon double bond- There are 2 essential fatty acids – fatty acids that have to be eaten Oleic Linoleic Fatty Acids structure is a long chain of mono-carboxylic acids (there is always an even number ofcarbons)TriacylglycerolsTriacylglycerols – AKA Triglycerides, make up 90% of our daily dietary lipid intakeTriacylglycerols are glycerol molecules and fatty acid molecules combined Hydrolysis of Triacylglycerols separated the CH from the rest of the molecule and an OH get added onto the CH, while the rest of the molecule gets the other H molecule.http://realizebeauty.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/hydrolysis-of-fatty-acids.gifDigestion- Hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol into smaller molecules is necessary because lipids are too large to diffuse through intestinal membranes This happens with the help of an enzyme called Lipase(look up in book)Fatty acids not needed for immediate use are reconverted into a triacylglycerol and stored as fatin adipose tissueReactions of Unsaturated Fatty AcidsHydrogenation- adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid; simply break the double bond and hydrogens go where they are needed to make the carbons have 4 bondsAmphipathic Hydrolyzable Lipids Have hydrophilic groups and are the predominant lipids in cell membranes There are two groups: Glycerol and SphingosineGlycerol and Sphingosine are simply the backbones of the Amphipathic Hydrolyzable LipidsSteroidsNonhydrolyzable lipids containing the steroid ring structure(B113 in book)This group includes Cholesterol, adrenocortical, and sex hormonesCholesterol Look up info in bookMajor steroid in animals, and although it is advised to lower cholesterol, is it critical to many physiological functionsServes as a component of membranes and is a precursor for all other animal steroidsThe body can synthesize all it needs if it is not in the dietEicosanoidsLOOK UP IN BOOKNonhydrolyzable lipids derived from the polyunsaturated C20 fatty acids called arachidonic acid Three groups of Eicsanoids: Leukotrienes, Prostagladins, and thromboxanesHormose regulatory functions, but aren’t transported in the blood stream (local hormones)Local Hormones- acting in the same tissue in which they were synthesizedLook up functions on page B115 and in bookVitaminsOrganic compounds that are required for normal metabolism, but not synthesized in the body and must be part of the dietThey can be water-soluble or fat-solubleWater soluble vitamins include Vitamin B and Vitamin CFat soluble vitamins include Vitamin A, E, D, and KProtein FunctionsCatalytic Proteins- catalyze the synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acidsTransport Proteins- carry specific molecules or ions from one place to anotherRegulatory Proteins- control cellular activity like lipid hormones. There are protein hormones in insulin which regulates glucose metabolismStructural Proteins- gives physical shapes to animal structures. Ex. Collagen is the major structural component in bones, cartilage, and tendonsContractile Proteins- gives cells and organisms the ability to change shape. Muscles change shape through actin and myosinProtective Proteins- defend against invaders and prevent/minimize damage due to injuryStorage Proteins- reservoir of nitrogen and other nutrients α-Amino AcidsThe basic building blocks for all proteinsCalled Alpha Amino Acids because the carbon containing the amine group is the first carbon past the carboxyl grouphttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Alpha-amino-acid-condensed-2D-flat.pngAlmost all polypeptides found in plants and animals are made of the 20 alpha amino acidsMammals require all 20 of them for protein synthesisThere are 10 nonessential proteins (can be produced in the body), and 10 essential proteins ( cannot be produced in the body)Alpha Amino Acids are categorized according to the alkyl groups on the alpha carbonI. Nonpolar Neutral- alpha amino acids have neutral hydrophobic side groups (alkenes, Alkanes)II. Polar Neutral- alpha amino acids have neutral hydrophilic side groups ( alcohol, ethers, ketones, aldehydes)III. Polar Acidic- alpha amino acids have acidic hydrophilic side groups (carboxylic acids)IV. Polar Basic- alpha amino acids have basic hydrophilic side groups (amine, amide)SEE B120 – B121 pages in book for examplesZwitterionic StructureAlpha amino acids exists charged particles due to the acid/base nature of these compounds. Charged species comes from the proton transfer from the acidic part to the basic part making the ZwitterionThey have high melting points and high solubility in waterhttp://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/erwgrp/img/nz_vs_zw.gifPeptidesPeptides are polyamides formed by amino acids reacting with eachother. This reaction can be viewed as dehydration between the carboxyl and amino groups of different amino