Chapter 8 Vocabulary: How Does Gender Impact the People We Live Our Lives With?1. Marriage gradient: a pattern in which women tend to “marry up” while men “marry down” in mate selection, meaning that women usually marry men who are older, richer, & generally of higher status2. Protection theory of marriage: marriage is an institution that allows for protection of worth3. Nuclear family: a family grouping that consists of a mother, father, & their children4. Exploitation theory of marriage: says that marriage is an institution that primarily involves the exploitation of women in a system of exchange5. Cooperation theory of marriage: says that marriage survived & thrived across many different societies not because it was about protection or exploitation, but rather because it was about cooperation & circulation6. Love marriage: the idea of marriage & marrying for love, not for protection, cooperation, or exploitation7. Social institution: something that gives us a set of clear-cut rules about how to go about accomplishing something in society8. Polygamy: marriage between one man & several women9. Polyandry: a marriage that involves one woman & multiple men10. Demographics: a way to describe the basic population characteristics of a group, including the age distribution, the sex ratio, how long people live, the composition of different racial & ethnic groups11. Sex ratio: expressed as the number of males to females in a given society12. Marriage squeeze: too few women or too few men produces this’ a shortage of one sex of the other in the age group in which marriage generally occurs13. Endogamy: the tendency (sometimes enforced by norms or rules) to marry only others within the same social group14. Diaspora: refers to the worldwide scattering of a nationality or ethnic group15. Double marriage squeeze: (in example) in Vietnam, there are more women relative to men, due to the high male mortality rate during the Vietnam war & the high numbers of Vietnamese men who migrated after the war16. Transnational marriages: (in example) women in Vietnam looking for husbands & the men in theUnited States & Canada searching for wives17. Remittances: the money & income that immigrants send back to their families in their country oforigin18. Sexual division of labor: simple a sense that certain tasks are more appropriate to one gender orthe other19. Subsistence agriculture: farming that’s done to feed one’s self or one’s family, rather than to produce goods to sell to someone else to consume20. Modern marriage: an institution freely chosen on the basis of love & compatibility & composed of a sole male breadwinner plus economically dependent wife & children21. Doctrine of separate spheres: a man’s duty to take care of his family by being a breadwinner & protector, while a woman’s duty is to be a good wife & mother22. Public sphere: the world of market relations & productive behavior, a world that is labeled as distinctly masculine with the separation of spheres23. Private sphere: anything that’s not public, & it is primarily the home & family life; becomes defined as the place where women belong24. Othermothers: women who may or may not be biologically related to children but play a crucial role in assisting bloodmothers with the task of caring for & raising children (grandmothers, sisters, aunts, or cousins)25. Transnational motherhood: (in example) Mexican & Latin American women now leave their children at home in their countries of origin in order to take jobs in the United States26. Good provider role: dictates that a man’s primary obligation to his family is to work so as to meet his family’s material needs27. “Be a Big Wheel”: emphasized the way in which masculinity is measured by power, success, wealth, & status28. Genteel Patriarch: represented by men like Jefferson & Washington, doted on his family & spent much of his time in their company or supervising his estate29. Heroic Artisan: men like Paul Revere & yeoman farmers embodied physical strength, but also dedication to their country & the budding ideals of democracy30. Marketplace Manhood: men derived their identity from their success in the capitalist economy in accumulating wealth, power, & status; has to constantly prove his masculinity in the winner-take all world of the marketplace31. Household division of labor: the way in which the tasks necessary to the care & running of a household are distributed32. Second shif: the extra burden of childcare & housework added on for women who also do paid work outside of the home33. Dual-earner couples: couples where both spouses are working34. Quarter shifs: smaller portions to be distributed more equally among household members35. Reduction of needs: in this strategy, one partner who is “unwilling or unable to maintain the home according to certain standards simply lower household expectations by denying that work needs to be done”36. Families of choice: the idea of individuals forming new family relationships of their own choosing with people not necessarily related to them by blood37. Postmodern family: a changing, unsettled, re-combination of different family forms; acknowledges the difficulty in figuring out exactly what makes a family- precisely because the form that real families take is always