Chapter 7: How Does Gender Matter for How We Think About Our Bodies?1. Mind-body dualism: a belief, expressed in many different forms, in a split between the physical body & the nonmaterial entity we call mind (or spirit, soul, thought, etc.) where the mind is seenas superior in many ways to the inferior body2. Body image: involves the perception & evaluation of one’s own bodily appearance3. Beauty myth:the belief in a quality called beauty that is real & universal & that women, due to biological, sexual, & evolutionary factors, should want to embody, while men should desire the women who embody that ideal of beauty 4. Hysteria: a disease consisting of the following symptoms- headache, muscular aches, weakness, depression, menstrual difficulties, indigestions, as well as an overall fatigue5. Psychology of the uterus: the belief that the whole women’s persona was dictated by her uterus,& therefore, any medical or psychological problems encountered by women were traced back to some dysfunction in this particular organ6. Body Image Distortion Syndrome (BIDS): a “disturbance in size awareness”; an indicator of anorexia; important way of distinguishing between anorexia as a disease or a disorder7. Body dysmorphic disorder (BBD): indications of BBD include “frequent mirror checking, excessivegrooming, face picking, & reassurance seeking”; applying excessive amounts of make-up, buying excessive amounts of hair products, as well as engaging in hair removal to excess are all signs of BDD8. Metrosexuals: heterosexual men who demonstrate a level of concern with their appearance thatis considered outside the norm for masculinity9. Male gaze: a culture of women and men who are well accustomed to looking at naked women; women are generally seen as objects of the gaze (of both the audience & characters in the film) because control of the camera is shaped by the assumption of a heterosexual, male audience; helps describe the ways in which women become sexual objects in film & other media10. “No Sissy Stuff”: real men don’t do anything that carries with it the lease suggestion of femininity11. “face-off-masculinity”: in this pose, men look directly into the camera & at the viewer, conveyinga sense of being “powerful, armored, emotionally impenetrable”12. “Be a Sturdy Oak”: reinforces the idea that men should never show vulnerability or weakness, even when they are in a potentially vulnerable position; men are calm & reliable in a crisis & certainly are not supposed to show their emotions13. “Give ‘em Hell”: dictates that real men exude an aura of “manly daring & aggression”, encouraging men to “go for it” & “take risks”; encourage acts of physical bravery & courage14. Commodify: to turn something into an item that could be bought & sold15. Premenstrual syndrome: PMS; the first disorder in which only women could suffer; gave legitimacy to women’s claims to be suffering real symptoms that seemed to be associated with the onset of menstruation16. Hormone replacement therapy: replace missing hormones in the form of drugs17. Sex hormones: estrogen or testosterone18. Eugenics: the study or practice of improving the human race through selective breeding &, sometimes, restrictive immigration policies19. Gender attributions: to make guesses about who is male & who is