Chapter 3: How Do Disciplines Outside of Sociology Study Gender?1. Oedipus complex: a young boy’s attachment to his mother grows into seeing her as a love object; the boy wants to have sex with his mother & perceives his father as a threat standing in the way of that goal2. Castration complex: a fear that their own fathers will castrate them if they act on their sexual desire toward their mother3. Penis envy: women eventually come to envy men’s possession of a penis &, like men, disdain their mother & all other women because of their lack of a penis4. Electra complex: girls & eventually women come to see other women as competitors in the ultimate goal of possessing their own penis5. Superego: the part of our personality responsible for both our own morality & for lining our morality up with societal standards6. Phallic symbols: any abstract representation of the penis7. Sex difference research: concerned with identifying whether or not a wide range of traits, dispositions, & behaviors differ significantly between men & women8. Meta-analysis: researchers use the results from many published studies on sex differences in order to obtain an average difference based on a larger & more diverse sample size9. Ethnography: involves sustained time spent in the field, living among the group you’re studying in order to develop an insider’s perspective on their culture & society10. Man the Hunter: hunters were men11. Woman the Gatherer: gatherers were women12. Androcentric: theories that assumed that what men do is more important than what women do13. Matrilineal: both kinship (who’s related to who) & property are passed down based on your mother14. Patrilineal: those that assume descent through the father & the male line15. Meta-narrative: any attempt at a comprehensive & universal explanation of some phenomenon16. Homosociality: the continuum of cooperative relations between people of the same gender, & it ranges from actual homosexual intimacy to same-sex friendships17. Homophobia: the fear or disavowal of homosexuality18. Natural selection: the process outlined by Darwin, where adaptations are selected in a population based on the degree to which they help the organism survive & reproduce19. Adaptive problem: some environmental pressure put on an organism’s biological makeup or behavior due to the need to survive20. Sexual selection: the evolution of characteristics based on reproductive advantage, rather than on the ability to survive as an individual organism21. Monogamous: pairs reproduce & stay together for extended periods of time22. Polygynous: there is no pairing off & males compete to mate with females23. Paternity uncertainty: no way for men to know for sure whether a child was their offspring24. Biological determinism: any theory or ideology that attempts to reduce some type of behavior tounchangeable biological roots25. Reciprocity hypothesis: with many males & therefore less paternity certainty, males participate more in the care of infants26. Normative: a sense of what should be in addition to a description of how things actually are27. Development project: the division of the world into developing & developed countries28. Modernization theory: positing that the postcolonial world could become like the countries of the developed world if they followed our lead economically, politically, & socially29. Nongovernmental organizations: organizations that work on various problems that might sometimes be considered the role of government to solve, but that have no government affiliation & are privately funded agencies30. Formal economy: the sector of the economy that is regulated by the government or legal systems31. Informal economy: not regulated & therefore more difficult to measure32. Commodity crops: agricultural products that can be exported & sold on the world market33. Subsistence agriculture: growing crops to directly feed or provide for yourself & your family, rather than growing crops to sell to someone else in exchange for money you will use to buy food to feed yourself & your family34. Women in development (WID): taking seriously the importance of gender to the larger development project as well as the ways in which development could have unintended consequences for reducing the human capability of women in the global South35. Structural adjustment: shock treatment; World Bank trading leniency on loans while demanding public resources be