Chapter 2 Vocabulary: Realist Theories1. Realism:2. Idealism: an approach that emphasizes international law, morality, & international organization, rather than power alone, as key influences on international relations3. Power: the ability or potential to influence others’ behavior, as measured by the possession of certain tangible & intangible characteristics4. Geopolitics: the use of geography as an element of power, & the ideas about it held by political leaders & scholars5. Anarchy: in IR theory, a term that implies not complete chaos but the lack of a central government that can enforce rules6. Norms: the shared expectations about what behavior is considered proper7. Sovereignty:8. Security dilemma:9. Balance of power: the general concept of one or more states’ power being used to balance that of another state or group of states; the term can refer to 1) any ratio of power capabilities between states or alliances, 2) a relatively equal ratio, or 3) the process by which counterbalancing coalitions have repeatedly formed to prevent one state from conquering an entire region10. Great powers: generally, the half-dozen or so most powerful states; the great power club was exclusively European until the 20th century11. Middle powers: states that rank somewhat below the great powers in terms of their influence on world affairs (ex: Brazil & India)12. Neorealism: a version of realist theory that emphasizes the influence on state behavior of the system’s structure, especially the international distribution of power13. Multipolar system: an international system with typically five or six centers of power that are not grouped into alliances14. Power transition theory: a theory that the largest wars result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy, when a rising power is surpassing (threatening to surpass) the most powerful state15. Hegemony: the holding by one state of a preponderance of power in the international system, so that it can single-handedly dominate the rules & arrangements by which international political & economic relations are conducted16. Hegemonic stability theory: the argument that regimes are most effective when power in the international system is most concentrated17. Alliance cohesion: the ease with which the members hold together an alliance; it tends to be high when national interests converge & when cooperation among allies becomes institutionalized18. Burden sharing: the distribution of the costs of an alliance among members; the term also refersto the conflicts that may arise over such distribution19. North Atlantic Treat Organization (NATO): a U.S.-led military alliance, formed in 1949 with mainly West European20. Warsaw Pact:21. U.S.- Japanese Security Treaty:22. Nonaligned movement: a movement of third world states, led by India & Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the U.S.-Soviet rivalry during the Cold War23. Deterrence: the threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action (especially attacking one’s own state or one’s allies)24. Compellence: the threat of force to make another actor take some action (rather than, as in deterrence, refrain from taking an action)25. Arms race: a reciprocal process in which two or more states build up military capabilities in response to each other26. Rational actors:27. National interest: the interests of a state overall (as opposed to particular parties or factions within the state)28. Cost-benefit analysis: a calculation of the costs incurred by a possible action & the benefits it is likely to bring29. Game theory: a branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes; games such as prisoner’s dilemma & Chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions30. Zero-sum games:31. Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD): a situation modeled by game theory in which rational actors pursuing their individual interest all achieve worse outcomes than they could have by working