Chapter 7 Vocabulary: International Organization, Law, & Human Rights1. international norms: the expectations held by participants about normal relations among states2. international organizations (IOs): intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the UN & nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)3. UN Charter: the founding document of the UN; it is based on the principles that states are equal, havesovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence & territorial integrity, & must fulfill international obligations; The Charter also lays out the structure & methods of the UN4. UN General Assembly: a body composed of representatives of all states that allocates UN funds, passes nonbinding resolutions, & coordinates third world development programs & various autonomous agencies through the Economic & Social Council (ECOSOC)5. UN Security Council: a body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) & ten rotating member states that makes decisions about international peace & security including the dispatch of UNpeacekeeping forces6. UN Secretariat:7. peacebuilding: the use of military peacekeepers, civilian administrators, police trainers, & similar efforts to sustain peace agreements & build stable, democratic governments in societies recovering from the civil wars; since 2005, a UN Peacebuilding Commission has coordinated & supported these activities8. UN Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD): a structure established in 1964 to promote third world development through various trade proposals9. World Health Organization (WHO): an organization based in Geneva that provides technical assistance to improve health conditions in the third world & conducts major immunization campaigns10. World Court (International Court of Justice): the judicial arm of the UN; located in The Hague, it hears only cases between states11. immigration law: national laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may travel & visitwithin a state's territory, work within the state, & sometimes become citizens of the state (naturalization)12. diplomatic immunity: a privilege under which diplomats’ activities fall outside the jurisdiction of the host country’s national courts 13. just wars: a category in international law & political theory that defines when wars can be justly started (jus ad bellum) & how they can be justly fought (jus in bello)14. human rights: the rights of all people to be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their political 15. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): (1948) the core UN document on human rights, although it lacks therefore of international law, it sets forth international norms regarding behavior by governments toward their own citizens & foreigners alike16. Amnesty International: an influential NGO that operates globally to monitor & try to rectify glaring abuses of political (not economic or social) human rights17. responsibility to protect (R2P): principle adopted by world leaders in 2005 holding governments responsible for protecting civilians from genocide & crimes against humanity perpetrated within a sovereign state18. war crimes: violations of the law governing the conduct of warfare, such as by mistreating POWs or unnecessarily targeting civilians19. crimes against humanity: a category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after WWII to encompass genocide & other acts committed by the political & military leaders of The Third Reich (Nazi Germany)20. International Criminal Court (ICC): a permanent tribunal for war crimes & crimes against humanity21. prisoners of war (POW):soldiers who have surrendered (and who thereby receive special status under the laws of war)22. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC): an NGO that provides practical support, such as medical care, food, & letters from home, to civilians caught in wars & to POWs; exchanges of POWs are usually negotiated through the
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