Medical Visions of Woman1st time 2 sex model was seenwomen were different than menRole of doctors in Society and CultureProfessionalization of Medicine: Fusion of science and medicineDisease as gender makerReinforcement of Biological assumptions about genderMedical Visions of Woman1st time two sex model is seenwoman is different from man.Role of Doctors in Society and CultureDoctors are mediatorsDisease as gender marker1780’s -1840’s realization that some diseases are male and others are females.Reinforcement of Biological assumptions about genderAssumptions that women are weaker etc.Women’s bodies are diseased and pathological.Needed to be contained and taken care of.Professionalization of Medicine: Fusion of science and medicinePractice of medicine largely outside of scienceCannot really separate them.Catholic church provided plenty of medical advice or answer to medical questionsNo fact behind it.In order to be a good doctor, you just have to convince people that you’re extremely good.France and GermanyAcademies began to claim the right to claim that they were doctors.Women were able to practice medicineMidwives, pediatricians, child birth prenatal care.Believed that women made better doctors because they were closer to nature.Universities moving out of church, women still practiced.Women were able to get degrees 1700’s-1730’sStopped in 1740’s but they were allow to teach.Anna Morandi ManzoliniMade very detailed wax model of human anatomy.Taught medical classesWomen in AcademyExpelled out of academy.Couldn’t do anatomy anymore.once France took over Italy were completely expelled out of academy, including child birth things.Expolsion of women’s knowledgeAlternative becomes feminized.If you didn’t have experiment backing up your claim, your claim was pointless.Mechanisms for Excluding WomenAccreditationOnly real medical knowledge came through real study.Surgeons were doctorsMore than just cutting. Science behind the surgeries.In order to become a doctor they needed several thingsDegreeTake a testMust be scientist.Had to keep reaccreditating doctors.Large Public InstitutionsAccreditation process needed to occur in large public institutions.1790-1820 state took control of institutions and turned them into hospitals.Controls over knowledge by controlling physical spaceSpecializationDoctor can’t be an expert over everything.Must specialize in particular areas.1770’s and 1780’s field is too broad to be expert in everything.Women were not strong enough for scientific research.Women could practice in obstometry and gynecologyEmergence of male midwives.Technology emerged.Forseps. Men claimed that they could pull children out with that toolObstemtrics took place of midwives in 1820’s1823 midwifry- defined as vulgar name for obstimtrics.Female DiseasesSpecialization of Gynecology and ObstetricsFemale BiologyFemale Diseases: Hysteria, Anorexia, Anemia ChlorosisCyphyllisTreated with mercury.Didn’t really treat women.Female BiologyWomen’s bodies were constantly changingAlways getting sick.Female sickness = menstrual cycleDoctors don’t understand why it occurs.Stemmed belief of menopause and mental illnessMenstrual CycleDrinking alcohol evident in women’s cycle.Disordered pelvis.Women could not seek higher education.Excitement of mental strain would make menstrual cycle worse.Mental illness was result of weak nervous system.Nervous systemAble to obtain illness and pain more because they were weakerIf they weren’t weak they were abnormal.Women who don’t feel real pain aren’t real women.Reading gore affected reproductive systems.HysteriaHysteriaMale vs. female hysteriaIt’s not males didn’t have it. Just wasn’t attributed to nervous system.Women more susceptible to hysteria.Unmarried women were more likely to get hysteriaYoung girls had to be carefully monitored so she wouldn’t get hysteria.Watched until married because she would get a child and be cured.SymptomsToo much energyToo little energyGoing to church a lot or barely going to church.DepressionSymptoms: reading novels, eating certain types of food.These things made a woman unwomanly so they had surgeriesHysterectomy, clitorectomy, leeches on genitaliaIf these surgeries didn’t work, they were sent to asylum.Hysteria defined a normal woman vs. abnormal woman.Female DiseasesAnorexia, Anemia ChlorosisExaggerations of female ideal look.ClassDiseases contradicted that of working class women.Women had hard demanding work.Diseases were class specificChlorosis was commonWorking class women’s bodies were less femaleSince they worked harder but didn’t get the diseases.Generate diseases different diseases.Body of a prostituteVenereal DiseasesSyphilisAIDS of the time.HereditaryDid not know the difference between this and gonorrheaMale doctor proved that syphilis same disease and gonorrheaInjected himself with gonorrhea.John Hunter: Unit TheoryWomen don’t have the same symptoms of gonorrhea as menMen carried the disease but blamed it on the womenPeople thought women would carry it through discharge because she had more stuff.Venereal Disease as a woman’s diseaseNot just prostitutes diseaseProstitutes were more likely to get it because they had more sex.Key to women’s health was the female reproductive system.Women and Doctors Intro 09/09/2014Medical Visions of Woman-1st time 2 sex model was seen owomen were different than menRole of doctors in Society and CultureProfessionalization of Medicine: Fusion of science and medicineDisease as gender maker Reinforcement of Biological assumptions about gender09/09/2014Medical Visions of Woman-1st time two sex model is seen owoman is different from man. Role of Doctors in Society and Culture-Doctors are mediatorsDisease as gender marker-1780’s -1840’s realization that some diseases are male and others are females. Reinforcement of Biological assumptions about gender-Assumptions that women are weaker etc. -Women’s bodies are diseased and pathological.oNeeded to be contained and taken care of.Role of Doctors in Society and Culture 09/09/2014Professionalization of Medicine: Fusion of science and medicinePractice of medicine largely outside of science-Cannot really separate them. -Catholic church provided plenty of medical advice or answer to medical questionsoNo fact behind it. oIn order to be a good doctor, you just have to convince peoplethat you’re extremely good. -France and GermanyoAcademies began to claim