In order for women to become wives and mothers, they must be trained to do so.Mary WollstencraftIn order to be good mothers, they must be educated.Education must go towards strengthening women’s minds.Nothing natural about 19th century men and womenIt’s allSciencePoliticsEconomics19th Century womenFamilySocial basis for political orderNuclear familyIntegral part for capitalistic economyProvided unpaid laborKept system afloatMiddle class family values influencedAutonomyDomesticityDecline in infant mortalityLarge familiesChildren will make own living.MarriageEconomic and social building block or family.Men and women enter into society as adults.Waited until you were establishedMen waited until he was financially stable to marryMiddle class women had no choiceProblematic if you didn’t marry.Remained subordinate daughtersNever gain adult statusMarriage is idealized.Companionate marriageDo it out of love for successful marriage.Not just a business partnership but bonding of soulsThis was why you couldn’t have soulsOnce bonding made, cannot be turnedMarriage legitimated menWomen dependent on them.Characteristics of marriageAge of marriage went upMen waited until financially secureMen looked for younger womenWomen married in early to mid twentiesOnce married, it became a training groundFamily judged on contributions to middle class.Not all women marriedNeeded to have childrenChildren made women, women.Larger the family meant very successfulAverage # of children went from 4 to 6Women and MotherhoodWomen and pregnancyWere pregnant most of marriageSome died in childbirthWanted to control reproductionWomen claimed they loved their childrenSaw them twice a day.Not into attachment parentingRaising children is now seen as a burdenWomen as mothersSupposed to breastfeedHad to stop around youngest child due to health reasonsHad to oversee spiritual growth of childrenStarted in infancyWomen were assumed to have maternal instincts1815 maternal instincts could not be trusted without educationDisciplineMothers are supposed to give tough loveMen can discipline but mother is responsible for moral character of child.Used guiltWithhold parental loveMen responsible for corporal punishment and women do mental punishment.If household goes bad, if child ends up crazy, it is blamed on the mother.Women and EducationWomen could not be in the household without education1830’s decided that women needed to be schooled outside of schoolEducation outside of homeFrom 0-5 girls and boys dressed the same, treated the same.By age of 5, boys got out of petticoats and into briefs.Toys differentiated boys from girlsGirls had dolls, boys had balls.Both had pets and kept gardens.Boys had dogs, girls had rabbits and catsBoys were taught to ride, girls had to swimBoys more tolerant of dirtCleanlinessDetermined class statusGirls meant to be intolerant of dirt, boys tolerate it.EducationBoys either had a tutor or went to boarding school.Private schools opened doors for boysAt this point mother’s job is done.Twice as many daughters lived at home than sonsWorking class boys were kept at home for industry but girls were sent to vocational school for sewing.If girls’ education went past age 8 or 9, governess was hired to teach her.AccountingLearn of functioning of government.Foreign languageTranslation suitable form of activity.Education lasted until 13, then they were kicked out to schools away from home.In France, girls were sent to protestant schools to instill religious teachings in girls.Girls could be pulled out at age 16Middle class girls went into puberty two years before working class girls.PubertyGirls had to be careful when it came to menstruationAvoid exerciseIncrease female literacyLiteracy rate of women is 98%Higher in Protestant countries than CatholicIn Catholics, everything is in Latin and mediator b/w you and God is priest, but in Protestant mediator is BibleWomen and PoliticsWomen are getting political rights soley on reproductive system.1800-1830 women are removed from economic productionwomen have to be taught and learn how to manage domestic spacethrough mother, governess, then schoolnew landscape of domesticity new social relations for women outside bonds of householdwomen have to form strong female networks.Identify women as women.Female networks worked in some instances to challenge primacy of husbands and family and social order.Making Wives and Mothers 09/30/2014In order for women to become wives and mothers, they must be trained to do so. Mary Wollstencraft-In order to be good mothers, they must be educated. -Education must go towards strengthening women’s minds. Nothing natural about 19th century men and women-It’s all oScienceoPoliticsoEconomicsoWomen in Household –Political 09/30/201419th Century women-FamilyoSocial basis for political order oNuclear family Integral part for capitalistic economy Provided unpaid laborKept system afloatoMiddle class family values influencedAutonomyDomesticityDecline in infant mortalityLarge families Children will make own living. -Marriage oEconomic and social building block or family.Men and women enter into society as adults.Waited until you were established -Men waited until he was financially stable tomarry-Middle class women had no choiceoProblematic if you didn’t marry. oRemained subordinate daughtersoNever gain adult statusoMarriage is idealized. Companionate marriageDo it out of love for successful marriage.Not just a business partnership but bonding of souls-This was why you couldn’t have souls-Once bonding made, cannot be turnedoMarriage legitimated menWomen dependent on them. oCharacteristics of marriageAge of marriage went upMen waited until financially secureMen looked for younger women-Women married in early to mid twenties Once married, it became a training ground-Family judged on contributions to middle class. Not all women marriedNeeded to have children -Children made women, women. Larger the family meant very successfuloAverage # of children went from 4 to 6Women and Motherhood-Women and pregnancyoWere pregnant most of marriageoSome died in childbirth oWanted to control reproductionoWomen claimed they loved their childrenSaw them twice a day. Not into attachment parentingRaising children is now seen as a burden-Women as mothersoSupposed to breastfeedHad to stop around youngest child due to health reasonsoHad to oversee spiritual growth of