Introduction to Organized Crime: Review Questions1. There is no generally accepted definition of organized crime2. The eight attributes of organized crime are:a. Absence of political goalsb. Hierarchicalc. Limited or exclusive membershipd. Constitutes a unique subculturee. Perpetuates itselff. Exhibits a willingness to use violenceg. Monopolistich. Governed by rules & regulations3. There are six characteristics of a bureaucratic organization:a. Complicated hierarchyb. Extensive division of laborc. Positions assigned on the basis of competenced. Responsibilities carried out in an impersonal mannere. Extensive written rules & regulationsf. Communication from the top of the hierarchy to persons on the bottom via a chain of command4. When a business expands a formal hierarchy becomes necessary, as do skilled persons & a division of labor: there will be written rules & regulations of dealing with such matters as work hours, sick leave, vacation time, & manner of dress, & directives will be transmitted via the hierarchy5. The impractical aspects of bureaucracy are:a. The use of the telephone must be limitedb. Written communication is to be avoided6. Advantages of compartmentalization are:a. Operational/street level personnel are organized into cells & know only other members of their cellb. They may not know for whom they are workingc. If a cell is lost, the result of law enforcement infiltration, for example, the organization can continue to function uninterrupted & the cell is eventually replacedd. Cells are bundled under the direction of a controller who is not in direct contact with & may not even know the other controllerse. A controller who is lost is quickly replaced by the central command operating out of an area of relative safety, such as another country7. Criminal organizations can manifest bureaucratic structure through ranks & levels of authority8. The concept of franchising is applicable to organized crime because the franchise provides a sense of entitlement, enabling the possessor to engage in criminal activity with the knowledge that he or she will be supported & protected by the criminal organization granting the franchise9. A network consists of a collection of connected points- points of convergence; a criminal network has points of convergence where participants congregate- “hangouts”10. Credentials aids members of a criminal organization because it enables criminals to negotiate transactions that those without an organizational affiliation would find difficult if not impossible to accomplish11. A credentialed criminal can act as a broker by providing an umbrella of protection & being able to act as a guarantor for a transaction- constructs a “social bridge”12. Traditional “Mafia-type” organizations differ from global criminal organizations in the following ways:a. Mafia-type organizations are linked by territory & exercise control over the entities in their territories by means of intimidationb. Transnational crime organizations exist for the purpose of power, influence, & monetary or commercial gains through a transnational organizational structure, pattern of corruption and/or violencec. TOC exploits differences between countriesd. TOC attempts to gain influence in government, politics, & commercee. TOC attempts to insulate their leadership & membership from detection, sanction, & prosecution through their organizational structurei. Intensification of goods: drugs, arms, & sex workers13. The collapse of the S.Union led to the expansion of global organized crimea. Rapid expansion of global marketsb. Decline in political order/deteriorating economic circumstances led to growing underground economy that habituates people to working outside the legal frameworkc. Better-organized, int’l based criminal groups with vast financial resources- new threat to stability & security of int’l systemsi. Ex: Prohibition was catalyst for mobilization of criminal organizations & cooperative ventures of syndication14. OC is similar to a transnational commercial company because of the rigid hierarchies & territorialrooting, with flexible structures that are easily adaptable to changing circumstances15. Migration has impacted OC in the following ways:a. Broadens the reach of existing criminal networksb. Migrants themselves can be affiliates of criminal networksi. Chinese, Nigerian, Italian, & Russian groupsc. Globalization creates nexusd. Fluidity in today’s OC groupsi. New alliances with other networksii. Engaging in wide range of illicit activities1. Cyber crime2. Support for terrorism16. Terrorism differs from OC because while OC feeds of the preservation of state structures, terrorism seeks to destroy them; terrorism is inherently political & targets are chosen at randoma. Non-combatant deathsb. Intimidate audience to induce widespread panic17. Terrorism is similar to OC because they share the same geography; membership can overlap & have similar needs for weapons & money laundering servicesa. Both may use compartmentalization18. A hybrid organization is when terrorism can turn into OCa. A terrorist group may abandon its political goals or the use of violence to achieve those goalsb. Individual skills developed as terrorists & the advantages of organization are mobilized inthe pursuit of pecuniary