WorkWorking-Class CultureMale breadwinnerGender politis of th working class (separating men and women)1780-1830 Inclusion of women1840s Trade unions and exclusion of womenEffect of work legislation in 1840sThe Working WomanWomen’s workWorking women = suspect womenFemale criminalityA woman that was working for 8 hours did not have time to take care of her children.Women should be regarded as wife and mother. (Shaftesbury)Jules Simon (a working woman is no longer a woman)Criminalize working class women.Working was gendered, but did not take women out of work force. Pushed women into something that was a little more dangerous. Women’s work was not considered to be work. Working women could not be considered to be women.New economy create working class identity, class consciousness.Working class men called themselves producers, status determined by their wages as opposed to earning a house or property.Since they earn wages they should have political rights.Anchored rights as head of household.Shift in definition of work in 1800Work identified by craft.Industrialization turned everyone into wage workers, no matter your work.Cutters were considered as higher status than the weaversCutting as a male job and sewing as a female.Male Breadwinner1820’s men and women defined their place in society based on their work.Family is dependent on worker.Basis for working men to advocate and go on strike to earn higher wages.They were just as worthy as higher class men because they had family to take care ofBreadwinner is the working class equivalent of men being doersWorking Class Politics- Inclusion of womenActively sought to incorporate man and woman.Family was based on the wages they brought inWorking class political movements were in many townsWomen took up 1/3 of the movements.1819 their presence was major in Peterloo Massacre 1819Officers were called to open fire on workers100 women and girls were killed for being workers.Trade Unions and Exclusion of womenChartist movement.Fight for wages, despite what they did for a living.Called chartist because it advocated charter.Emergence of female politics,Women were equal to men as workers.Women had right to participate in politics as workers, but they were made to temper men. (women were workers but their main role was at home)The right to vote should only be given to men in that they can protect their families.1843 Chartist movement paper said keep women at home to look after family. Decrease pressure on working force. If you decrease the labor market (with women in it) the wages will rise.When men were trying to get their wages, they through women under the busEffect of Work Legislation in 1840’s1841 Factory Actreduced women’s work day to 12 hours.Mines’ Act excluded women and children from the mines.Limit where women can be seen in workforce.Also a moral thingWomen are being seen with women, gaining ideas from each other and being led astray.Women’s WorkLegislators argued that women weren’t free laborersThey can go in and legislate work for women.Women gave babies opium in order for the babies to sleep so the woman can feed the baby when it wakes up.Women’s work was considered invisible because it was women’s work and did to need to have higher wages.Women earns one half to one third of a man’s wagesWomen’s work isn’t categorized as work.Women working ruined their bodies.Women were incompatible with machines.Working women were labeled as bad womenTheir breasts would shrivel and their physiology would change, making them unwomanlyThis was mostly for married women.Wouldn’t be able to raise her children in a good way or have children.Unmarried woman didn’t have a familySuspect WomanShift in criminality19th century gender system did women a big favorwomen were not capable of committing bad acts.10-20% of criminals in courts were females1850-60’s number of female crimes were on the rise.Creating a breed of criminal women that weren’t natural women.80% of criminals were men.Men were more criminalNeeded good women to make good men.Women were atavistic (unevolved) less likely to commit crimeWomen loss their womanly characteristics which would make them more capable of criminal actsProstitutesWomen could not tolerate the pain of tattoosIf they could tolerate a tattoo, that means they have a higher pain tolerance like a man.Female CriminalWorking class women were hangedInfanticide, abortion, killing their husband.Search of evidence. If women are working, then they will turn on which they love best. (things that define femininity)Women are far more likely to be charged with murder.Court cases were accepted were those where women killed their husbands.Only see court cases that have to be ruled uponIf women killed a neighbor’s husband, could be seen as trying to protect her children.Tended to use poisonIf they didn’t use poison they would be found guiltyIf used a manly thing like a gun, they would be found guiltyIf use poison, can be seen as a crime of passion and can get offDoesn’t work for men because a crime of passion means acted on emotion. Men don’t act on emotion so that considers them women. More likely to kill againIf killed husband out of love, you would get lesser sentence.InfanticideBaby farming- take in babies like a day care and then kill them.19th Century Working Women 10/21/2014Work Working-Class Culture-Male breadwinner-Gender politis of th working class (separating men and women)-1780-1830 Inclusion of women-1840s Trade unions and exclusion of women-Effect of work legislation in 1840sThe Working Woman-Women’s work-Working women = suspect women-Female criminalityA woman that was working for 8 hours did not have time to take care of her children. Women should be regarded as wife and mother. (Shaftesbury) Jules Simon (a working woman is no longer a woman)Criminalize working class women. Working was gendered, but did not take women out of work force. Pushed women into something that was a little more dangerous. Women’s work was not considered to be work. Working women could not be considered to be women.Working Class Structure 10/21/2014New economy create working class identity, class consciousness. -Working class men called themselves producers, status determined by their wages as opposed to earning a house or property. -Since they earn wages they should have political rights. -Anchored rights as head of household. -Shift in definition of work in 1800oWork identified