Dani Callahan1st Cataract- Up near top of Nile/Egypt, first bend, located in city of Aswan, a shallow stretch of Nile where the surface is broken by numerous small boulders and stones protruding from the riverbed, made navigation to delta possible without encountering a barrierA group and C group- Nubians all settled in A, A is oldest, B cattle pastoralism, C Nubia resettled as Egypt calmed down, settling of “nomads” become more settled farmers, the first original cultures of NubiaAnnual Flood- Nile floods- natural irrigation, brings in fertile silt right up to edge of desert, shallow cover of water, Nov to Feb root foods, “coming forth”, Mar to Jul “drought” seeds, fruits, game scarce, Aug-Sept “inundation” flood season, fish, seeds, dates. Low flood= no marshes, meadows, or game. High flood= destroy vegetation and game, drain late, Farming and Agriculture- occurs in Neolithic, started with sedentism, kicked out foragers, not as good, not balanced meals, surplus of goods allowed for specialization and focuses, cultural changes shifts in environments means not everything is as attainable, Halaf, Hassuna, and Samarra are Mesopotamian agricultural societies. Agriculture= single factor credited with giving the opportunityto the ancient Mesopotamian cultures to develop such inventions as pottery, weaving, housing, and the calendar and math.Bevel Rim Bowl- mass production, plain, extensive trading, used for regulation during work for food basis, originated in Uruk, Bulla/Token- used for record keeping and counting, first example of writing, allows for long distance communication, used cuneiform, bulla=envelope to put token inside, possibly evolved at Ur???City- came before city-states, ruled by higher power, dependent on farmland; farming becomes too demanding and difficult, integrated into social pyramid complex, ziggurat = center, complex cultural institution in which humans share core values and a desire to improve the quality of their existence through specialization and organizationCity state- independent, city and surrounding territory, rules itself, single urban center with smaller farming towns surrounding, Mesopotamia, a sovereign state compromising a city and the surrounding countrysideCivilization- a group of ppl with ways of life, religion, and learning, the stage of human social development and organization which is considered most advanced. Key characteristic= specialized workers, record keeping, advanced technology, advanced cities, complex govColonialism- taking control of an area by sending its citizens to settle there (all aboutresource extraction), the process of exploring and maintain colonies in one territory by another countryComplexity//Simplicity- simpler pottery, not done in home anymore, production mode, do what you’re told, by looking at how pottery looks you can see social complexityConspicuous consumption- being able to show off what you have and how much you have by putting it in tombs “I’m so rich I can afford to throw this all in a grave and still have money”Craft Specialization- result of centralization and surplus, people didn’t have to focus on farming so they could focus more on specializations, make a living through trading gods rather than producing their own foodCuneiform- Uruk period, pictographs/ wedge shaped symbols, token impressions led to evolution of token impressions, denoting or relating to the wedge shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, on bulla, first evidence of writing,Cylinder seals- rolled out to make an impression, signatures, badges, symbol of higher government power, identifies an agent of the state, standardized mode of identification that showed power or authorityDomestication- Neolithic transformation; see it all over, moving of goods all over fertile crescents, goats = first, modification of the genetic make up of a population of plants or animals, modification, either intentionally or not, of the genetic makeup of a population of plants and animals, process of converting wild animals or wild plantsinto forms that humans can care for and cultivate, adaption for human useGiza plateau- location of great pyramidsHalaf/Hassuna/Samarra- Mesopotamian agricultural societies- Halaf- 7000-6000BCE lay foundation of agriculture and pottery production, beginning of export- Samarra- centralized, social hierarchy (warfare & wealth)- First development towards Mesopotamian civ, pottery, northern TigrisHierarchy- a social group arranged in ranks or classes for making and enforcing decisions; ranks and classesHierakonpolis- Lower Egypt, all different dynasty’s able to control smaller lands but not to unite them UNTIL united (Hierakonpolis and Thebes) under Thebes Kind Mentuhotep; founder of Middle Kingdom, trade center, center of large potteryindustry, craft specialization, 4000-3000BC, Africa, major center of predynastic EgyptIdeology- a system of ideas and ideals especially on that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy; science of ideas; system of ideas and beliefs that support relations of power and domination, used mainly by elites to obtain controlImperialism- influencing, cultural expansion, acquiring land, can see shift through material goods, can tell differences obtaining land, expanding regional control WITHOUT ADDING PEOPLE, don’t actually move there just control it, will see monuments of control- Colonialism is just taking over, resource extraction, control over those resources, raw materials coming out, no giving back, colonize there, will not see colonies of archaeological evidenceIrrigation- Nile Flood, did irrigation come from farming or did farming result from irrigation?Jericho- found a non-residential tower building, symbol of massive changes in social organization, earliest Neolithic settlements, oldest known city, built walls and moat around cityLiteracy- only elite were literate, another form of social controlLong Distance trade- moving of goods throughout Fertile Crescent, trade for goods provided wealth, wealth=power, hierarchies developed to the accumulation of wealth and the population growth in urban centers, making goods for trade aided in craft and product specialization, enables cities to interact and share ideas of politics and culture Mastaba- stone square buildings at the bottom of pyramids, beginnings of pyramids/monumental architecture, stone rectangular structures with sloping sidesand flat tops that were the basis of