BSC 160 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 24-34Lecture 24Chapter 15- Introduction and Innate ImmunityThe immune system basics- Self vs. Non-selfInnate- has to still identify itself, Recognize only prokaryotic features. o “Receptors”-different things presented on pathogen that allow immunity to recognize as non-selfAdaptive- Antibodies, use antigen recognition sites. - TLR- Toll like receptors- recognize bonding agent on pathogen; family of receptor proteins (2 parts)o Activation: intracellular domain brings change in macrophageo Once activated, doesn’t stay inside cell, gets releasedMacrophages get activated, release things, also plays role in turning on adaptive immunity - Antigen- any type of molecule that causes immune response in a host by interacting with antigen-specific receptors on the membrane of host lymphocytes. o Proteins are strongest antigens. o Polysaccharide sugars= goodo Lipids/DNA not good- B cells & T cellso Antibodies = proteinso B cells secrete antibodieso Each replicated has a mutationo Every variable region recognizes 1 antigen ONLY Lecture 25Microbeso Have restriction enzymes- Innate Immunityo Not specific- Adapt Immunityo Has a specific target or pathogen- The Immune System Basicso Self versus non-self (DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO) Innate- Recognize only prokaryotic features- LPS (Gram -)- Receptorso Different things presented on that pathogen, being able to recognize them as non self Adaptive- Use antibiotics (ab) and antigen receptors as their primary mode Autoimmune: lack of ability to differentiate between self and non-self - AIDS, Chrones, etc.o TLR (Toll-like receptors) A receptor on the macrophage that recognizes a specific binding agent on a pathogen They are a family of receptor proteins- 2 parts (each part we call a domain)o Extracelluar (Part that sticks out) Recognizes appropriate ligand; interacts with a foreign thingso Interacellular (cytoplasmic domain) Part that brings about change/activation (activation leads to secretion of something) Stuff does not stay in cell has to be released into the environment- ‘Sound the alarm’ Table 15.1- recognize some examples and why they go together Macrophages become activated, release, and inactive innate immune responses and plays a role in turning on adaptive immunity Activation: both innate and adaptiveo Self versus non-self Most ligands are proteinso Antigen Definition: Any type of molecule that causes an immune response in a host by interacting with antigen-specific receptors on the membrane of host lymphocytes Proteins- strongest antigens- Polysaccharide sugars are good too??- Lipids/DNA (by themselves) are not particularly good siteso Combining them can make good siteso B Cells and T Cells B cells- Attack invaders outside the cells T Cells- Attack invaders inside the cells Antibodies- Class of proteins- All share similar structure- Secreted by B cells- All have 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains, variable regions, and constant regions- Variable region is mutated and different in each- Every variable regions only recognizes one antigen (we have million different antibodies because of the variable regions)o Ex: LPS- T-Cells have antigen receptors on them- Binding triggers response o Species Susceptibility Differences between - Missing receptors- genetic- Tempo Ex: TBo Ex: Difference b/w use and frogs- cold blooded- Missing nutrients Differences within- Age- Environmental factorso Internal Stress, shock, weakness, muscle fatigueo External Climate change- Inflamatory Response- Cancer/AIDS- secondary infection- Gendero Ex: UTI- Ethnicityo Ex: Sickle Cell Anemia- Nutritiono 15-3  Look at learning objectives & Key takeawayso Immune System The immune system is a complex network of organs and tissues- Connected by blood and lymph fluido Circulatory system, lymphatic system, spleen, thymus, MALT 2 groups of tissues- Primaryo Creating & educating; immune cells are being differentiated within the system We’re looking at bone marrow, thymus,- Secondaryo Peripheral o Looks after mature cellso Responsible for our active immunity Spleen, MALTLecture 26Immune System Basics- Immune Cells- Oxygen carrying. Can create up to 8 cells- Mejakaryocyte- Role in innate system- Platelets- clot formation- NLMEB- Nutrifills- fagositic Lucacytes- B & T Cells - B Cells- Memory cells (previous exposure)- T Cells- Regulation of immune responseMonocytes Emonofils Basafills - Related to Mast Cells- Related to unallergic responsesLymphatic System- Separate vascular system- Not part of circulatory system- Starts in dead end capillaries. Areas that are first place to find invading pathogensFunctions- Role in returning excess fluid back into cardiovascular circulation- Absorbing fat. Lactilles- Moves immune cells throughout bodyLymph Fluid- Pushed out at arterial end at capillary system and not absorbed. Mostly Plasma, white blood cellsMALT- Moist epithelial tissueWhite pulp- Lymphocytes; monitoring liquids in our bodyPeople without spleen- more susceptible to infection over lifetimeAdaptive- Antibodies, cell mediatedInnate (Nonspecific Immunity)- Provides general reactions to potentialin pathogenic invasion. Nothing specific in response, Preventing colonizationBody fluids- have chemical barriers to protect from pathogensComplement System & 3 pathways- know big picture1. Classic pathway- 2. Lectin pathway-3. Alternative pathway-NK Cells- Natural killer cells, perfornisPoke hole in pathogen- Protect against viruses & cancer- ApoptosisInflammation- Response to anything disrupting immune system. - Heat- Redness, swelling, pain- Loss of function possibleLecture 28Ch. 16Adaptive Immunity and Errors of the Immune System-Monocytes  macrophages (stimulated to become this)-Dendritic cells are a derivative of monocytes- Adaptive Immunityo Recognizes what’s being present and then educates itselfo 2 types: Make antibodies (humorial)  Those that kill the pathogen (cell mediated) o Antigen Presenting Cells Macrophages, B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells (most important)- Dendrite: have fingers (looking)- They fall under 4 categories & based upon where you find themo Skino Mucus membraneso Blood streamo Lymph and solid organs (exception- we don’t find in brain, eyes, testes)- Roleso Antigen presenting Activation of adaptive immune system * Help rid of T-cells that are self-reactive They keep the B-cells that produce antibodies