POLS 110 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-18Lecture 10 (October 13)No essay question pertains to this lecture. Lecture 11 (October 15)Discuss the ways a pollster can intentionally alter the results of a survey and give an example of each.Biased questions: Wording questions in such a way that it creates a certain reaction/answer givenLeading questions: Putting information in a question that pokes you to think a certain way, (again getting the person to answer a certain way, without them even realizing it). Lecture 12 (October 20)No essay question pertains to this lecture Lecture 13 (October 22)Explain the differences between the historical methods by which parties select candidates and discuss the problems inherent in each method.I. Elite nominations (Smoke-filled Room Process)a. In early 19th century, most candidates were chosen by the local and state party organizations b. This system did not allow the public any input into the nomination process i. Not necessarily bad, since most of the chosen were qualified people II. Caucuses a. Gave the party members SOME controlb. Some states started using by mid 1800si. However, elites figured out a way to rig this system too by setting up rulesthat still made sure they were the ones with inputIII. Primaries a. Movement from 1890s to 1920sb. By 1960s all states had moved to this system c. Types of primariesi. Closed: only members of the party can vote in the primaryii. Open: voters can choose which party primary to vote in, but they can onlychoose one1. Voters COULD try to mess with the opposite party by voting for badpeople for that partyiii. Blanket: voters can go back and forth between parties on the same ballot.Only California uses1. May encourage voters to mess with the party they don’t like IV. Unofficial primariesa. The process of campaign fundraising before the primary season startsb. Whoever raises the most money of the candidates considering running, usually isthe one the party chooses to have be the candidatei. It weeds out some possible candidates before the primaries even happen Discuss the impact of the emergence of the self-financed candidate and the candidate-centered campaign.I. Candidate-centered campaignsa. Weak parties mean focus is on candidates, not partiesb. Candidates often try to avoid explicit party labels c. Alters the role of the public in the process i. Stronger relationships between voters and representatives ii. Weaker relationships between voters and representative institutions II.Self-financed candidatea. If a candidate cannot raise enough money before the primary, they will more than likely drop out b. Them not getting enough money means not enough people support them, and they’d be unlikely to winLecture 14 (October 27)Explain the primary benefits interest groups provide in order to solve the free-rider (a.k.a. the collective goods) problem.I. Solidary Incentives: people want to join to be around others who agree with their viewsII. Purposive Incentives: we join because we believe in the purpose of the organizationIII. Economic incentives: members receive some sort of economic benefit from joiningLecture 15 (October 29)Discuss the differences between the types of lobbying and explain which types are most effectivefor which groups.I. Direct strategies to advance interestsa. Lobbying, issue networks, and iron triangles b. Litigation by IGsc. Providing information and expert testimonyd. Campaign contributionse. This strategy works best for groups with lots of money and resourcesf. Amicus Curaie- “friend of the court”i. Supreme court justices use/reference these when they explain why they made their decisions g. Lobbyists never lie; it’s so hard to meet with Congressman X, if he catches you lying, your career is over. He’ll tell other congressmen you lie, etc. i. They tell their side of the story, their truth that supports their argumenth. Issue Networks: ex: farmer lobbyists meet with members of Congress that agree with themi. Can be dangerous, echo effect; they don’t hear their opinion isn’t popularoutside their bubble i. Direct lobbying generally works best for IGs that have moneyi. They can hire lawyers, lobbyists, contribute to campaigns, etc.II. Indirect strategies to advance interestsa. Public outreachb. Electioneeringc. Astroturf lobbying:i. Gives the impression of mass public support that does not exist1. Used to manipulate politicians and to generate “buzz” in public opinionii. Bad for IG if they get caught doing itiii. Also, some politicians can’t distinguish between Astroturf lobbying and real mass public support; causes problems d. These strategies work best for groups with lots of membersi. If AARP told their members, “do X” so that so-and-so doesn’t vote a certain way, they the congressman gets 100,000 emails, the congressman realizes they have to vote a certain way to get re-elected in the futuree. But if turnout isn’t 1000s of people, it is an empty threat and congress people won’t take them seriously i. NRA did this in the 1990s, didn’t recover for over a decadef. More people are part of an IG (65-70%) than a member of a party (60%)Lecture 16 (November 3)-Discuss how the media has evolved in terms of covering politics in the United States over time and discuss the impact of these changes.The original media was the newspapers in the late 18th and through the 19th centuries. Yellow journalism became a way to sensationalize the political actions taking place in D.C. Radio: Radio news personnel made a conscious effort to be objective and encouraged newspapers to do so as well. Allowed political figures to travel less and still directly address the public, but this time in masses. This was the first time people were able to hear their candidates. Fairness Doctrine was created to ensure fairness and no bias for a political party. Television: People could now SEE and HEAR their candidates. Debates were televised. Commercials for certain candidates came about. News stations covered information regardingpolitics. Internet: Instant news that is constantly updated. However, there is less fact-checking and morepotential accuracy problems. “Who is the source?” becomes an issue. Modern media’s impact: The internet is used to mobilize voters and campaign. Free Speech: How many followers on your blog do you have to have, to go from a salty writer, to a Journalist, in which your information needs to be