JOURN 2100 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide AP Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 - Numerals1. Spell out numbers under 10. Use figures for numbers 10 and greater. Even if there is one numbergreater than 10 and one smaller than 10 in the same sentence.2. Except for:a. Agesi. Always use figuresii. When using decades for ages there is no apostropheb. Cents, dollars ($ and cent)c. Datesd. Decadesi. Only use apostrophe when something is missingii. Ex: In the 30’siii. She is in her 30se. Dimensionsi. Use hyphens for modifiers (7-inch-by-9-inch)f. Distancesi. Use hyphens for modifiers (7-foot)g. Fractionsh. Highwaysi. Millions, billionsi. Don’t go beyond two decimal placesj. Percenti. Spell percent out as a word except for in headlines you use the %ii. Almost always use as a figurek. Speedsl. Temperatures i. Spell out zero and minus onlym. Timesn. Weights3. Always spell out numbers at beginning of a sentence except for years use figures Lecture 2 - AbbreviationsAbbreviations and acronyms1. Addressesa. STAB (abbreviate Street, Avenue, and Boulevard in a numbered address)b. Don’t abbreviate any other types of streetsc. Abbreviate directional indications with numbered addresses onlyi. 1111 S. Providenceii. South Providence2. Datelines3. State namesa. Spell out all state names when they can stand alone in textb. Spell out all state names that are accompanied by a city namec. These eight states are never abbreviated:i. Alaska and Hawaii (Noncontiguous)ii. Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Texas, and Utah (less than five letters)d. AP state abbreviations are different than Postal state abbreviationsi. Use AP in datelinesii. Us Postal in mailing addressese. Put a comma after both the city and state when both are usedf. Monthsi. Never abbreviate March, April, May, June, or Julyii. Only abbreviate the others when you also have a number dayiii. Put a comma after the year with a full dateg. A.M. and P.M.i. No figures for noon and midnightii. Don’t use today, tomorrow, yesterday except in quotes or in printiii. a.m. and p.m.iv. 11 not 11:00h. Can use CIA, FBI, SAT, GPA, mpg, mph, IQ all the time. Many other abbreviations can onlybe used on the second reference NOW, EEOC, CDCLecture 3- Capitalizations a. Put quotations around movies, songs, TV shows, and apps. Other works should just be capitalized.b. If title comes before name capitalize the titlec. If title is offset by commas don’t capitalize itd. Occupations as titles are not capitalizedi. Capitalize coach when it is used as an addresse. Capitalize page when used with a numberLecture 4 - GrammarHow do you use the apostrophe, colon, comma, question mark, quotation marks and semicolon a. Apostrophea. If noun is plural and does not end in s if you want to make it possessive add ‘sb. If noun is plural and ends in s and you want to make it possessive ad ‘ at the endc. Use for omitted figures (’62)d. When a word is used descriptively don’t add an ‘s at the ende. Use possessive after both words if they are both individually ownedf. Don’t use for most pronounsi. Only use for contractions like you’re, it’sb. Colona. Emphasisb. Listsc. Dialogued. Introducing quotese. Capitalize the first word after the colon only if it is a proper noun or start of a complete sentencec. Commaa. Use in a series or a listb. Equal adjectives (if their order can be switched)c. To separate a nonessential claused. Introductory clauses or phrasese. Before a conjunctioni. FANBOY (for, and, nor, but, or, yet)f. Before an attributiong. Direct addressh. Separate name and statei. Datesj. Quotes (commas go inside quotation marks)d. Question marka. End of a direct questionb. If you are questioning what you heardc. Don’t use with indirect questionsd. Use in a quote if needed instead of a commae. Quotation marka. Direct quotesb. Ironic statementsc. Don’t put quotations around things the speaker didn’t say in a partial quoted. Period and comma go inside quotation marksf. Semicolona. To clarify parts of a complicated series (John, of Chicago; Mary, of Denver; Katie, of Kansas.b. To link independent clauses (helps prevent a comma splice)Lecture 5 – Grammar continueda. A vs. ana. Use a when the noun following starts with a consonant soundb. Use an when the noun following starts with a vowel soundb. Among vs. betweena. Among is for more than two itemsb. Between is for two itemsi. Can use when there are more items but they are considered a pairc. Bad vs. badlya. Badly is an adverbb. Bad is an adjectived. Broadcasta. Past tense is broadcast not broadcastede. Collective nounsa. Singular nouns and pronouns should be usedb. Team names or musical groups with a plural form take plural nouns/pronounsc. Have to ask yourself whether it is acting as a unit or individual items in the sentence to help determine which nouns to usef. Dangling modifiersa. Avoid modifiers that do not clearly refer to some word in the sentenceb. Need a subject in the sentenceg. Essential vs. nonessential phrasesa. Essential is necessary infob. Nonessential provides extra information to the sentencec. Lack of article or pronoun can show that a word in nonessential descriptive wordd. Set off the nonessential phrases with commash. Essential vs. nonessential clausesa. Which usually signals something nonessentialb. That usually signals something essentialc. Ask yourself if the meaning of the sentence is changed when the clause is deletedi. Good vs. wella. Good is an adjectiveb. Well is an adverb (means skillfully done)c. When well is used as an adjective it refers to the state of one’s healthj. Lay vs. liea. Action word is lay- it takes a direct objecti. Laying, laidb. Lie is reclining horizontally – No direct objecti. Lying, lay, laink. Subjunctive mooda. Expressions of doubtb. Wishesc. Regretsd. Contrary-to-fact conditionse. Were is used for things that did not actually happenl. That vs. whicha. Use to refer to inanimate objects and animals without a nameb. That= essential clausesc. Which= nonessential clausesm. Who vs. whoma. Who is for people and animals with name. Subject of the sentenceb. Whom is for when someone is the object or verb of the preposition.Lecture 6 - usage a-ha. Accept vs. excepta. Accept= To want something/someoneb. Except= To disclose somethingb. Apart vs. a parta. Apart= separate from each otherb. A part= a piece of a wholec. Blond vs. Blondea. Blond= Malesb. Blonde= Femalesd. Diffuse vs. defusea. Diffuse= to disperse in