CHEM 102 Chapters 9-10 Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Define Amines and AmidesII. Classification of amines and amidesIII. Naming amines and amidesIV. Production of amines and amidesV. Reactions of amines and amidesVI. Properties of amines and amidesOutline of Current Lecture I. Stereoisomers VS. Constitutional isomersII. Two Types of StereoisomersIII. Tetrahedral Stereocenter (Chiral)IV. Carbohydrates and their FunctionsV. Class of Carbohydratesa. MonosaccharidesVI. D and L DiastereomersVII. Cyclic Structurea. Hemiacetal CarbonCurrent LectureStereoisomersStereoisomers- have the same connectivity, but different configurationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Ex. Recall the hands example Freeman used in classConstitutional Isomers- have the same molecular formula but different connectivity*There are two different classes of Stereoisomers 1. Enantiomers- nonsuperimposable, mirror images of eachother *nonsuperimposable means that when they are stacked on top of each other thye don’t match up Ex. http://www.organicchem.org/oc1web/exp/polarimetry/enantiomers.gif*To be an Enantiomer, they have to meet the following criteria a. the molecules of the two compounds must be mirror images of eachother b. the molecules must be nonsuperimposable on eachother 2. Diastereomers- stereoisomers that are not mirror images Ex. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/DiastereomersImageRH11.png Same components, but they are placed differently*Each Enantiomer and Diasteroemer has a Chiral Center, or tetrahedral Stereocenter. Otherwiseit is not an Enantiomer or Diastereomer*Chiral Center- The central carbon of a Diastereomer or Enantiomer that has 4 different molecules attached to itEx. http://iverson.cm.utexas.edu/courses/310M/Handouts/Handoutsfl05/Sterohanduc_files/image003.gif *Compounds can have more than one Chiral Center, in which case they look like this in a Fisher Projection Diagram… Ex. http://science.uvu.edu/ochem/wp-content/images/Answers%20Pic/F/fischerprojectiona8.png CarbohydratesCarboydrate- also known as saccharides, are the most abundant organic compounds found in nature; very large range of functions- Glucose- generates energy for all life processes- Starch and Glycogen- store glucose- Cellulose- structural and protective carbohydrate- Serves as the precursor for the synthesis of protiens, lipids, and nucleic acids*Every carbohydrate is either a Polyhydroxyaldehyde or a Polyhydroxyketone; they can be further classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, or oligosaccharides*Monosaccharides can either be Aldose (Aldehyde) or Ketose (Ketone) monosaccharides. Ex. Ignore the n = part Monosaccharides can be further broken down and named by how many carbons they have- Triose = 3 carbons- Tetrose = 4 carbons- Pentose = 5 carbons- Hexose = 6 carbonsSo, and monosaccharide could be named many different ways depending on if it is an Aldose or Ketose, and how many carbons it has Ex. Ketotriose or Aldopentose D and L DiatereomersD = dextarotery (right)L= Leveterotery (Left)*To find if a molecule is D or L, there are 4 steps*1. Draw the molecules is the Fisher Projection model2. Find the Aldehyde or Ketone on the molecule then go to the end of the molecule3. Go up the molecule until you come to the first Chiral Carbon you see4. Look at the OH group on the Chiral Carbon, if it is on the left it is L, on the right it is D*D-isomers are dominant in nature and biologically significant**D-Glucose (Blood sugar) is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature and mostly in combined forms such as starch, cellulose, glycogen, lactose, and sucrose*Cyclic StructureIn your body, the molecues are not in fisher projection models, they are in circles Ex. http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/section_19/5df38314007b0d4b2339d3c3b62022c2.jpgTo change the monosaccharide from fisher projection to cyclic, number them starting at the top with 1 and go down the line of carbons, then put them in a circle, as seen in the picture above. *Monosaccharides can not only be aldose, ketose, and have multiple names from the number of carbons, but they can be alpha or beta as well!*To find if a monosaccharide is Alpha or Beta…1. Find the Oxygen that has a double bond on it2. Find the Hemiacetal Carbon- The Hemiacetal Carbon is a carbon with and OH, H, C, and O then C attached to itEx. http://science.uvu.edu/ochem/wp-content/images/H/hemiacetal3.png3. Find the OH group attached to the hemiacetal carbon and compare it to the OH group on the 6th carbon4. If they are on the same side (Cis) then it is Beta. If they are on opposite sides (Trans), then it is alpha5. Name the monosaccharideEx. βDGlucose or