HIST 158 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last LectureI. Absolutism a. Theories b. Characteristics c. ConstitutionalismOutline of Current LectureI. Enlightenmenta. General backgroundb. Terminologyc. Philosophers/Enlightenment thinkersCurrent LectureI. Enlightenmenta. General backgroundi. Very few enlightenment thinkers expected revolutionii. They just didn’t trust people to think for themselves and didn’t want to give power to the incapableb. Terminologyi. Libertines- proto-atheist movement/very critical of religious institutions and customs1. Anonymously critical, however2. Evolution of the term:a. In 19th century refers to people acting promiscuouslyb. Now, refers to freedom of choice and anti-governmentii. Atheism- anti-God/ minority of Enlightenment thinkersiii. Pantheism- God is in everything and everywhereThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Reexamining and reevaluating religious beliefs2. Free from church’s forced beliefsiv. Tolerance- allowing people to practice their own chosen religionsv. Philosophy- pan European movement1. Shared concept of reason2. Think for yourself in a time of religious and political control3. Became an act of resistancevi. Enlightened despotism- want rulers to become enlightenedc. Philosophersi. Kant (German philosopher)1. “Dare to know” became the motto2. Lack of freedom of thought/speechii. The “Philosophes”- looked at as heroes because risks were great1. Reason ~ “light”2. Oppressed ~ “dark”iii. Rosseau1. Questioning whether progress actually brings happiness2. Discourse on Science and Arts (1750)a. Writing contestb. Argued that progress leads to moral degeneration3. Discourse on The Origins of Inequality (1755)a. Need to go back to basic state of nature to be moral (man is naturally good)b. Advocating for the rejection of societyc. Social contract: law and community firstiv. Encyclopedie of Diderot and d’Alembert1. Collective work that took 20 years2. Many Philosophes participated3. Critical of state and religion  created controversy4. Explored philosophy, history, religion, science and technologya. Aimed to collect all knowledge so that it could be consulted5. Optimistic view that progress leads to equality (unlike Rosseau’s view)v. Goethe (1749-1832) 1. German writer2. Optimist unlike Voltaire and Rosseau3. Universal Man4. Books explored feelings with criticism of society/science/progressa. Romantic: wrote “Suffering of Young Werther” where young person commits suicide5. Becomes leader of Sturm and Drang (meaning storm and drive) genre of writing6. Faust in a play: doctor and scientist who sold his soul to the devila. Science is never satisfiedb. Loses his moral compassvi. Mozart (1756-1791)1. The enlightenment was more than a literary movement2. Found in music as well3. Mozart was a