Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Prosocial Behavior2. Altruism3. EmpathyOutline of Current Lecture 1. Moods & Helping2. Bystander EffectCurrent LecturePositive & Negative MoodsGood mood effect: good mood increases helping behaviorWHY? Mood maintenance hypothesis, happy thoughts (seeing bright side), increases self-attentionBad Moods & HelpingGuilt usually leads to an increase in helping (due to balance or reciprocation)Sadness can also lead to helping- Negative-state relief hypothesis: people help others to alleviate their own sadnessAssociation between negative moods & helping is not as strong & consistent as positive mood effect- Grief & depression are unlikely to lead to helping (attention focused on self)- If we blame others for bad moods, less likely to helpModel of Bystander Intervention: 5-step decision process1. Noticing2. Interpreting3. Taking responsibility4. Deciding how to help5. Providing helpMany people witnessing an emergency can lead to… SOA 223 1nd Edition- Pluralistic ignorance- Diffusion of responsibility- think someone else already helped- Audience inhibition effectBystander intervention Studies- “seizure” study- “woman in distress” study- “smoke” study- “elevator” studyMore likely to help from small town… WHY?- Stimulus overload=less likely to notice emergency- Urban=diversity=reduced perceptions of similarity=less helping- Feel anonymous & less accountable (and diffusion of responsibility)Time pressureGood Samaritan Study: speech topic made no difference, time did- 63% of those who were early helped, 10% of late
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