Google doc https docs google com document d 1 k63f3E4gZkQ04oRxpBVAWUJtHt7namelZbFYYteYs edit Carbon and Polymers Notes 1 The characteristics of an organic molecule depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on groups of atoms with distinctive properties called functional groups attached to the skeleton a Functional groups is a set of linked atoms that behaves more or less the same wherever it appears in molecules b Hydroxyl groups OH polar because of O strong attraction for electrons dissolve in water sugars have this alcohols are characterized by this group c Amino acids NH2 its polar and a base make hydrogen bonds with water and it can take an H from water More amino groups will ionize if you add an acid such as HCl to the solution d Carbonyl group POLAR does not ionize but makes hydrogen bonds e Carboxyl group COOH polar makes hydrogen bonds with water acidic More carboxyl groups will ionize if you add a base such as NaOH to the solution a f carbonyl C O linked to a hydroxyl OH Sulfhydryl group thiol group SH is somewhat polar it is not ionized even though it can at a high pH g Phosphate group ATP cell s source of quick energy It s ionic and makes hydrogen bonds acts as a base i ATP energy storing molecule in cells 2 Hydrocarbons are molecules consisting of only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms Hydrocarbons form the basis of many types of organic molecules In addition to carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms many organic molecules also have groups of atoms called functional groups These functional groups may be substituted for one or more of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon The functional groups present in an organic molecule determine the chemical behavior of that molecule 3 Polymers a Most important giant molecule in life b Linked together by monomers 4 Polymerization polymer construction is a condensation reaction join molecules with release of water are condensations a To make water OH comes from one monomer H from the other b More complex in life than shown here c Involves energy rich molecules like ATP d Examples of polymers Rubber Teflon cellulose starch proteins and DNA e Life protein and DNA polymers 5 Depolymerization Hydrolysis Dehydration Reaction a Monomer to a polymer b Water molecules react with polymer to release monomers c Splitting of molecules by H2O is this process d Parts of H2O H and OH become part of the 2 products e Cells break down damages or useless polymers f Digestion break down food polymers ie Starch proteins 6 Polysaccharides Starch HO O O O OH a Glucose is a sugar b Polysaccharide polymers are made from sugar monomers c Plants make many kinds of polysaccharides using various sugars d Many polysaccharides are used to store energy e Plants build tough cell walls from polysaccharides 7 Nucleic Acid DNA a Nucleic acid polymers are made form nucleotide monomers b There are 4 kinds of nucleotides in DNA c Each kind of organism builds DNA with unique nucleotides sequences d DNA carries the information to build and operate the living body 8 Teflon a Teflon polymers are made from tetrafluoroethylene monomers b Teflon does not occur in nature c Used as non stick coatings on kitchenware d Chemists build many kinds of polymers from different artificial monomers e Some artificial polymers are Teflon nylon polyster and synthetic rubber 9 Amino Acid protein a Protein polymers are made from amino acid monomers b Cell link 20 kinds of Macromolecules 1 1 Carbohydrates a Known as sugars Includes polymers of sugars b Used as building materials and sources of energy c Are made up of carbon oxygen and hydrogen atoms d The smallest unit of a carbohydrate is a monosaccharide cannot be hydrolyzed any further i One sugar molecule monosaccharide 1 Vary in size 2 Carbon skeleton range from 3 7 atoms 3 Similar formula CH2O ii Form of glucose C6H12O6 e To be unmodified monosaccharide you need the formula CnH2nOn and need an O bound to every C i If it has a C without an attached O modified f Types of monosaccharides i Glucose animals blood sugar plants combine to circulate through plant body 1 Major nutrient and central to cellular metabolism 2 Cellular respiration breaks this down for energy 3 Carbon skeleton of this sugar can also be used to build many other organic molecules i e Amino acids and fatty acids 4 Primary fuel in nearly all organisms Sugars monosaccharides 5 If there is more than 3 Carbon atoms can bend around and form a ring 6 In cells sugars are usually a ring 7 Alpha and beta can both form to make glucose differ in one OH group 8 Alpha OH on bottom opposite of what you think 9 Beta OH on top 10 Importance of OH orientation The orientation of an OH group could mean the difference between working for a living and lying under a tree and eating twigs Chains of glucose with the linkage make up cellulose a major component of paper and wood We can t digest it to get the stored energy because the linkage resists our enzymes Starch on the other hand has chains of glucose with the linkage We digest it easily ii Glyceraldehyde simplest sugar 1 Glucose 2 glyceraldehyde 2 Energy storing molecule produced by photosynthesis plants make from CO and H2O with help of light energy 3 Plants combine 2 glyceraldehyde to make sugars twice as large 4 C3H6O3 iii Galactose 1 Combines with glucose to make milk 2 Galactose is bound to glucose 3 Galactose also combines with other sugars to make stiffening polymers in plant cell walls iv Fructose 1 Aka fruit sugar 2 Used to make the disaccharide sucrose 3 Fructose joined to glucose v Ribose C5H10O5 1 Monosaccharide that is an important component of RNA and ATP 2 Modified form is used in building DNA 3 Hereditary would not exist without ribose 4 1000 s of modified ribose molecule are in each DNA molecule and ribose itself occurs in RNA and ATP g Disaccharides split into 2 monosaccharides i Two monosaccharides disaccharide ii Lactose glucose galactose 1 Makes milk sweet iii Sucrose glucose fructose 1 Plants make this 2 Circulates in plant sap 3 Obtained from sugar cane and sugar beets iv Maltose 2 glucose 1 Digestion of starch in a sprouting seed or in the intestine of an animal v Important building blocks and cellular fuels h Polysaccharide when hydrolyzed yields many monosaccharides i Many monosaccharides polysaccharide long chain ii Are POLYMERS iii Hydrolysis polymer makes many monosaccharides 1 Cellulose polysaccharide major part of PLANT cell walls 2 Plant cells store these sugars in the form of polysaccharide which is STARCH 3