Intellectual DisabilityNeurodevelopment DisorderPerson exhibits deficits in mental abilitiesIQ score two standard deviations away from the meanAdaptive behaviorSkills that allow people to live independentlyBellow level appropriate for ageLimitations begin in developmental periodDSM-5Diagnosis of intellectual disability is based on deficits in intellectual functioning determined by standardized tests and clinical assessmentsConceptual, social, practicalCausesLead poisoningPrenatal exposure to mercuryInadequate brain development associated with povertyMalnutrition, lack of health care, lack of mental stimulation through typical cultural and educational experiencesFetal alcohol syndrome, fragile x syndromeGiftednessGiftedAbove an IQ of 130 (2% of population) giftedAbove 140 (less than .5%)  geniusTermanProved gifted children were socially well adjusted and often skilled leadersEmotional IntelligenceAbility to manage ones one emotions to facilitate thinking and attain specific goals, ability to understand what others feelExplanation for why some people do well in school but do not succeed in life and vice versaMayerConcludes that general intelligence and emotion intelligence are relatedHigh emotional intelligence  smarter in traditional senseHigher emotional intelligence  better social relationships, better academic achievements, associated more positively by others, more successful at workNature Vs. Nurture Intelligence50% of intelligence is due to hereditaryimpact of genetic factors increases with age91% by age 65hereditary estimates made only from group that was exposed to similar environmentno connection between ethnicity and IQLanguageLanguageSystem for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with othersRepresent ones internal mental activityLearned through imitation, reinforcement and shapingComplexities of grammar wired into brainGrammarSystem of rules governing structure and use of a languagePhonemesBasic units of sound in a languageHow letters are pronouncedMorphemesSmallest units of meaning with in a languageEx: playing  two morph: play – ingSyntaxSystem of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentencesSemanticsRules for determining the meaning of words and sentencesPragmaticsPractical aspects of communicating with othersHow to take turns in conversationUse of gestures to emphasize a pointDifferent ways to speakIntonationKnowing what rhythm and emphasis to use when communicating with othersRelationship Between Language and ThoughtLinguistic Relativity TheoryAssumes that the thought processes and concepts within any culture are determined by the words of the cultureWords people use to determine much of one way in which they think about the world around themCognitive UniversalismConcepts are universal and influence the development of language rather than linguistic relativityLanguage can shape our thoughts about space, time, colors, and objectsResearch still in questionChapter 8: Development Across the Life SpanHuman developmentScientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until deathResearch DecisionsLongitudinal designOne group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group agesCross-Sectional DesignSeveral different age groups are studied at one timeCross-Sequential DesignCombination of both of the designs aboveCohort EffectParticular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or life experienceNature vs. NurtureNatureHereditary; influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth and social interactionsNurtureInfluence of the environmentEx: parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic factorsAll that people are and all that people become is the product between nature and nurtureThe Basic Building Blocks of DevelopmentGeneticsScience of the hereditaryDNATwo long sugar phosphate strands linked together by amines and basesAmines – organic structures that contain genetic codes for building and proteins that make up organic lifeEx: hair color, control life of each cellEach section of DNA containing a certain sequence of these aminesLocated on rod shaped chromosomes (XX  female, XY  male)Polygenic InheritanceTraits controlled by more than one pair of genes in processGenetic disorders usually carried by recessive genesCystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, tay-sachs disorderChromosome DisordersDown syndromeExtra chromosomeKlinefelter’s SyndromeExtra sex chromosome in 23rd pairPrenatal DevelopmentFertilizationWhen an egg and a sperm uniteResults in a single cell with 46 chromosomes called zygoteMonozygotic twinsIdentical twins when two eggs are fertilizedDizygotic twinsFraternal twins when two eggs are fertilizedThe Germinal PeriodZygote begins dividing and moving down to uterusMass of cells forms ball and attaches itself to wall of uterusPlacental and emilical chord begin to formCells begin to differentiate; develop into specialized cellsThe Embryonic PeriodConsidered embryo once attached to the uterusLasts from 2 weeks- 8 weeksEmbryo 1 in long with primitive eyes, nose, lips, teeth, little arms/legs and beating heart by end of periodCritical PeriodsTimes during which some environmental influences can have devastating effects on development of an infantTeratogenOnly substance such as a drug, chemical, virus or other factors that can cause birth defectsFetal alcohol syndromeSeries of physical and mental defectsStunted growth, facial deformities, brain damageThe Fetal PeriodTremendous growth from 8 weeks until birthTeratogens will affect physical functioning of organs rather than structuresCNS, eyes, sex organs are vulnerableMiscarriageUsually firth 3 months; 15-20% of pregnanciesCaused by genetic defect in the way the embryo or fetus is developing that will not allow it to surviveNothing the mother did wrongPhysical DevelopmentBaby’s excess body fat provides fuel until baby is able to take in nourishment on their ownBabies lose weight after 1st weekSynaptic pruningNecessary loss of neuronsUnused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared to make way for functioning connections and cellsSense of touch most well developedSense of small also highly developedHearing is functional but takes a while  fluids must clear out of auditory canalsLeast functioning sense is vision  cones that provide sharpness and color take 6