CognitionCognitionMental activity for organizing, understanding and communicationThinkingMental activity that goes on in the brain when a person in processing informationAwareness of info in brain, making decisions about it, comparing it to other info and using it to solve problemsMental ImageryRepresentations that stand in for objects or events and have picture like quality are one of several tools used in thought processAreas of cortex associated with stored knowledge send info to visual cortexWhere image is perceived in the mind’s eyeConceptsIdeas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activitiesUsed to think about objects or events without having to think about all the specific examples of the categoryNatural Concepts:Concepts people form – not a result of a strict set of rules, but rather as the result of experiences with these concepts in the real worldPrototype:Concept that closely matches the characteristics of the conceptEx: apple is a prototype for fruitDevelop according to the exposure a person has to objects in that categoryProblem Solving and Decision Making StrategiesProblem SolvingOccurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain waysDecision MakingIdentifying, evaluating, and choosing among several alternativesTrial and ErrorMechanical solutionsAlgorithmsSpecific step by step procedures for solving certain types of problemsAlways result in the correct solutionHeuristicsSimple rule intended to apply to many situationsEducated guessed based on prior experiences that helps to narrow down the possible solutions to fix a problemEx: using Google instead of reading manualFaster but not always the correct solutionRepresentative Heuristic:Used for categorizing objects and assumes that any object that shared characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that categoryCreated and sustains stereotypesAvailability Heuristic:Based on our estimation of the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant info from memory or think of related examplesInsightSolution to problem suddenly comes to mindProblems with Problem SolvingFunctional FixednessThinking about objects only in terms of their typical usesMental SetsTendency for people to persist on using problem solving patterns that have worked in the pastConfirmation BiasTendency to search for evidence that fits ones beliefs while ignoring any experience or behavior in new waysConvergent ThinkingProblem is seen as having only one answer is all lines of thinking will eventually lead to think single answer by using previous knowledge and logicDivergent ThinkingStarts at one point and comes up with many different ideas based on the one pointIntelligenceIntelligenceAbility to learn form ones experiences, acquire knowledge, and use its resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problemsSpearmanIntelligence as two different abilitiesG factorGeneral intelligence; ability to reason and solve problemsS factorSpecific intelligenceEx: music, business, artGardner’s Nine Intelligences1. Verbaluse language2. Musical3. Logical/mathematical4. Visual/spatial5. Movement6. Interpersonal7. Intrapersonal8. Naturalist9. ExistentialistSternberg’s Triarchic TheoryAnalyticalability to break down problemsbook smartsCreativeDeal with new and different concepts to come up with new ways to solve problemsPracticalAbility to automatically process certain aspects of informationStreet smartsMeasuring IntelligenceBinet’s mental ability testTest distinguished fast and slower learners and children of different age groupsSternIQ  multiply age by score on testMeaningless after 16 yearsWechsler Intelligence TestYields 4 scores derived from both verbal and non verbal subsetsTest ConstructionReliabilityTest producing consistent results each time is it given to the same individualValidityDegree to which a test actually measures what its supposed to measureStandardizationProcess of giving the test to large group of people that represents the kind of people for whom the test is designedPSY 0010 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture a. Exam 2Outline of Current Lecture II. Cognitiona. Intelligencei. Makingii. Testingb. Problem Solvingc. Decision MakingCurrent Lecture Cognition Cognition- Mental activity for organizing, understanding and communication Thinking- Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person in processing informationo Awareness of info in brain, making decisions about it, comparing it to other info and using it to solve problems Mental Imagery- Representations that stand in for objects or events and have picture like quality are one of several tools used in thought process- Areas of cortex associated with stored knowledge send info to visual cortexo Where image is perceived in the mind’s eyeConceptsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activitieso Used to think about objects or events without having to think about all the specific examples of the category- Natural Concepts:o Concepts people form – not a result of a strict set of rules, but rather as the result of experiences with these concepts in the real world- Prototype:o Concept that closely matches the characteristics of the concept Ex: apple is a prototype for fruito Develop according to the exposure a person has to objects in that category Problem Solving and Decision Making Strategies Problem Solving- Occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways Decision Making- Identifying, evaluating, and choosing among several alternativeso Trial and Error Mechanical solutionso Algorithms  Specific step by step procedures for solving certain types of problems Always result in the correct solution Heuristics- Simple rule intended to apply to many situations- Educated guessed based on prior experiences that helps to narrow down the possible solutions to fix a problemo Ex: using Google instead of reading manual Faster but not always the correct solution- Representative Heuristic:o Used for categorizing objects and assumes that any object that shared characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member ofthat category Created and sustains stereotypes- Availability Heuristic:o Based on our