BIOL 1344 Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I. Functions of the Digestive System II. Tunic of the GI Tract III. Control of RespirationIV. Introduction of Digestive SystemOutline of Current Lecture I. The Urinary SystemA. Anatomy of the KidneyB. Kidney DiseasesC. Functions of the KidneyCurrent LectureThe Urinary System: kidneys – ureter – urinary bladder – urethraThe kidneys are paired organs, 4.5 inches long, 2.5” wide, 1” thick and are located on the dorsal side between the T12-L3 vertebras. Kidneys start out in the pelvic region of the body and then ascend to the lumbar region. If one fails to develop this is called unilateral renal agenesis and shouldn’t cause too many problems. If they both fail this is bilateral renal agenesis and is fatal. The kidneys are outside peritoneal cavity and are surrounded by fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, and paranephric fat which protects them from mechanical shock. If there is too much loss of adipose connective tissue such as in anorexics, the kidney can drop and cause a kink in the ureter which blocks the flow of urine. This is called ptosis and can result in renal failure. Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) –Crystalluria is the name given to crystals found in the urine whichcauses radiating, acute pain, and a burning sensation while urinating. These crystals can contain oxlate, phosphates, and sulfates. Stones don’t cause pain until they start moving. Treatment caninclude lithotripsy (pulverizes stones through an ultrasound type machine). Urine flow should be measured to check for hydronephrosis which is a swelling of the kidney due to blocked urine flow. Chronic Renal Failure: must get dialysis or a kidney transplant. Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) uses radioactive dye to measure kidney function. Dye flows with the blood to healthy areas of the kidney so whatever part of the kidney appears darker is the healthy area. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Functions of the Kidney:1. Removing nitrogenous wastesWhen proteins goes through deamination, it results in keto acid and ammonia which is toxic. Therefore, this must turn into urea in the liver through the ornithine cycle or urea cycle and then is released to the blood, passed through the kidneys and is expelled through urine. Uremia is a condition which includes high levels of urea and can cause coma and death. There is a loss of proteins in this state so the person loses muscle and become extremely thin. 2. Blood Cell Formation – kidneys secrete erythropoietin hormone to stimulate production3. Osmoregulation: regulates levels of water, electrolytes, and ions in the body. ADH causeswater retention in the kidneys.4. Bone Health – calcium reabsorption, phosphate excretion, trigger vitamin D3
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