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International migration withinLatin America•Mostly labor circulation flows•Industrial and urban destinations•Rural origin to urban destinationInternational to and fromLatin America• Colonial migrations¾10s of thousands of Iberians¾Forced migration of ~10 m Africans• 19th century migrations¾Europeans to S Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Costa RicaInternational to and fromLatin America•Contemporary migrations (e.g., Caribbean, Ecuador)Example of International migration: Mexicans to US •N limits of Mexico•Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s•Post-Mexican war in 1880sExample of International migration: Mexicans to US •1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in USExample of International migration: Mexicans to US II•1940s -1960s => BraceroprogramExample of International migration: Mexicans to US•1980s and beyond¾Issue of illegal (undocumented)•Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880s¾Issue of remittances•Spatial patterns of migrationLA cities in World’s top 100(19 of the top 100)Elite housing, Santo DomingoElite house Cuidad JuarezUrban water, Santo DomingoUrban water, Santo DomingoSubsidence in Mexico CitySubsidence in Mexico City© T. M. WhitmoreFind the globalization! TegucigalpaInformal sector economyInformal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), SaltilloInformal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), SaltilloInformal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers© T. M. WhitmoreReturn migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador© Brad JokishSource: © IADBRemittances: The Human Face of GlobalizationRemittances – a major consequence of migration• People move North by the millions, and money moves South by the billions• Remittances are monies sent by workers in the US to their Latin American (and other) homes.• About 10 million Latin American immigrants (of the 16.5 m total) living in the United States ¾Send about $44 billion to their families on a yearly basis. ¾Each monthly transaction averages approximately $240Scale of remittance Flows• Exceeded the combined Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and net Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the Region• LA is now the fastest growing and highest volume remittance market in the world ¾ 150 million transfers annually to over 20 million recipients• Flows exceed tourism income to each country• At least 10% of GDP in six countries (Haiti, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Guyana)• Almost always exceed the largest export.Scale of remittance Flows• Remittances to Mexico ¾> the country's total tourism income¾> two-thirds of the value of petroleum exports¾~ 180% of the country's agricultural exports.• The earnings of Salvadorans residing in the United States¾> entire GDP of the country.Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador© Brad Jokish© Thomas Whitmore© Thomas Whitmore© Thomas Whitmore© Thomas Whitmore© Thomas WhitmoreRecall: Migration — 4 major types• 1sttype: International within Latin America• 2ndtype: international to and from Latin America• TODAY¾3rdtype rural => rural migration¾4thtype rural => urban migrationPermanent: rural => rural• From densely settled highlands to sparsely settled lowlands¾Andeanto Amazonia¾Andean to coast¾CentralAmerican• From densely settled NE Brazil to Amazonia• From Brazilian cities to Amazonia• Also temporary r -> r circulationPermanent: rural => rural• Sierra de Lacandon, Peten, Guatemala0 200 MilesNEWSSierra de LacandónNational Park Maya Biosphere ReserveGuatemalaPetén4th type: rural => urban migration• What is it? ¾rural to urban migration => permanent change of residence• Why migrate? ¾“Push” and “Pull” forces¾economic welfare¾social welfare ¾other factorsWhy migrate?•Economic (pushes & pulls)¾Lack of land¾Few non-farm opportunities¾Little upward mobility¾Development => fewer rural jobs & jobs with less dignityWhy migrate?•Social (pushes & pulls)¾Education¾Health care accessWhy migrate?•Other (pushes & pulls)¾Environmental¾Violence¾Individual factors¾Family strategyWho migrates?¾Age ¾Gender ¾Marital status¾Education level¾Personal¾EthnicityHow do migrants move?•Migration patterns ¾Role of information ¾Role of social networksHow do migrants move?•Migration patterns ¾Step vs direct migration¾Fill-in migration ¾Role of distanceWealth Average wealth in GDP in PPP/capita¾World ~ $9,300  Lesser developed ~ $4,600¾USA ~ $41,500¾LA ~ $7,700¾Very low in LA (< $5,000) Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala,El Salvador Jamaica, Haiti Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Guyana¾Above world average  Costa Rica, Mexico Argentina, ChileWealth distribution• USA¾Richest 20% have 40% of all income¾Poorest 20% have 5% ¾55% in middle• Latin America ¾Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income¾Poorest 20% have 2-5%¾30% in the middle• Countries with top 20% with more than 50% of all income¾Brazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, VenezuelaSource: © IADBSource: © IADBSource: © IADB© T. M.


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UCSB GEOG 155 - Latin America

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