JavascriptScript That Says HelloJavascript FunctionsObjects in JavascriptNumerical Data and ArraysCreating New WindowsReferencesJavascriptScripting languages such as Javascript and VBScript are used to add functionality to web pages. They can be either included in the web page itself or stored in a separate file. In the latter case, the web page must include a link to the file. Scripts are downloaded with the web page, unlike Java applets and servlets. Applets are not downloaded until the browser reaches the <applet> tag. Servlets always execute on the server, not the user’s computer. But Javascript is downloaded immediately and is executed on the client’s computer, thus saving time that would otherwise be used for repeated connections to the server.Javascript is not Java, but it shares some syntax with Java and C. It is not strongly typed, so variables do not have to be declared, although they may be. Also statements do not require a terminating semi-colon, but again these may be included. If two statements are on the same line, they must be separated by a semi-colon. Also like Java, Javascript is case sensitive.Script That Says HelloThe following example simply writes the word "Hello" into the box when the user clicks the button. It does not send anything to the server, so the form includes neither an action nor a method attribute.<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"><html><head><title>Javascript Hello Example</title><script language="Javascript"><!-- sayHello writes the word "Hello" into the box when the button is clicked.function sayHello (){HelloForm.Hello.value = "Hello";}//--></script></head><body><form name = "HelloForm"><input name="Hello" type="text" value="" size = 10><input type="button" value="Click" onClick = "sayHello ()"></form></body></html>Scripts may be placed either in the head or body of the page. It is somewhat more common to put them into the head, since it is downloaded first. Also this separates the script from the rest of the page. If the script is external, the head would be as follows:<head><script language = "Javascript" src = "helloScript.js"> </script><title>Javascript Hello Example</title></head> The script file, helloScript.js, would contain only the following code:<!-- sayHello writes the word "Hello" into the box when the button is clicked.function sayHello (){HelloForm.Hello.value = "Hello";}//-->Note that the script is placed inside a comment. This causes older browsers that do not support Javascript to skip the lines.Javascript FunctionsFunctions in Javascript are very simple. They may either perform an action, such as the one above, or return a value. A useful example of the latter is found in the next example. It checks a login form to see that all the boxes have been filled in. This check is performed by the user’s browser rather than on the server. This saves a significant amount of time when the form contains a number of boxes.This example shows an alert message and returns false, if the box is empty. The alert message is contained in a popup box as shown below. A false value prevents the action from taking place. However,if both boxes contain text, the value true is returned and the request is sent to the server.<html><head><script language = "Javascript"><!-- CheckForm displays an alert if a box has not been filled in.function CheckForm (){if (LogonForm.username.value == "") {alert ("Please enter your username");return false;}if (LogonForm.password.value == "") {alert ("Please enter your password");return false;}return true;}//--></script><title>Login Form</title></head><body><h2>Please Login</h2><form name = "LogonForm" method = "post" action = "http://localhost/servlet/user.Logon">Username: <input type = "text" name = "username" /> <br />Password: <input type = "password" name = "password" /> <br /><input type = "submit" value = "Login" onClick = "return CheckForm ()"/><input type = "reset" value = "Reset" /></form>/body></html>Functions can also have parameters. These are not typed, but otherwise they are similar to those in Java methods. An example would be if there were two forms on the same page and the function had to distinguish between them. The function heading might look likefunction CheckForm (formName)and the submit tag<input type = "submit" value = "LogonForm" onClick = "return CheckForm(LogonForm)" />.Objects in JavascriptJavascript also has objects. The one in the next example is a Date object. Like in Java, it must be instantiated before it can be used. There are a number of accessor methods included with this object that get parts of the date, such as the year, month, day, hours, minutes and seconds. The values are those that are stored in the user’s computer. If the computer time is accurate, the results of the function will be also.<script language="Javascript"><!--Example that writes the current date on the page>date = new Date ()month = date.getMonth ()month = month + 1 // Months in Javascript begin with January as 0.day = date.getDate () year = date.getYear ()document.write ("Month ", month)document.write ("<br />Date ", day)document.write ("<br />Year ", year)hour = date.getHours ()if (hour > 12) hour = hour – 12 // Afternoon hours are returned between 13 and 24.minutes = date.getMinutes ()seconds = date.getSeconds ()document.write ("<br>Time ", hour, ":", minutes, ":", seconds)//--></script>The document mentioned in the script is the web page. This will write the date and time on the web page.As with any html page you have to use tags such as <br /> or <p> to indicate a line or paragraph break.Numerical Data and ArraysText boxes contain text, i.e. strings, and not numbers. If the contents of a box are to represent numbers, they must first be parsed before they can be used in a calculation. As in Java, the method to use is parseInt. If the text box, weightBox, contains an integer, the following can be used to change the contents from a string to a number:weight = parseInt (weightBox.value);After a calculation, the answer may turn out to be a double with a number of decimal places. The following will round these to two decimal places:mean = Math.round ((sum / count)* 100) / 100;Occasionally a box may be empty or an answer may not exist. Then Javascript displays NAN. This stands for Not a Number. Checking a box for empty before using it is prudent.Javascript has arrays, and like those in Java they begin with index 0. They are
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