The Work of MourningThe Biological Roots of Grieving and MourningGrief and MourningSlide 4A Model of MourningThe cognitive Restructuring PhaseCognitive Restructuring Phase Weeping and OutcryCognitive Restructuring StrategiesSlide 9The Emotional Expression PhaseSlide 11The Time to HealThe Psychological Reintegration PhaseSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16The Psycho-Spiritual Transformation PhaseSpirituality and MeaningPsychospiritual transformation Caregiving, Faith and JoyComplicated MourningSlide 21Slide 22Individual differences in mourningEXAM 1 - SAMPLE QUESTIONS:Slide 25Slide 26The Work of MourningThe Work of MourningChapter 4Chapter 4Dusana RybarovaDusana Rybarova2007 Psyc 4562007 Psyc 456The Biological Roots of The Biological Roots of Grieving and MourningGrieving and Mourning•Grieving in graylag goose (Lorenz, 1952)Grieving in graylag goose (Lorenz, 1952)•Grieving in dogs, hamsters, orangutans, Grieving in dogs, hamsters, orangutans, chimpanzees, elephants chimpanzees, elephants •Grief marked by searching behavior, Grief marked by searching behavior, followed by depression, lack of appetite, followed by depression, lack of appetite, apathyapathy•Signs of ritualistic mourning in elephants, Signs of ritualistic mourning in elephants, chimpanzees, baboonschimpanzees, baboons–Burying deceased animals with mud, earth, Burying deceased animals with mud, earth, leaves, stonesleaves, stones–Mourning soundsMourning soundsGrief and MourningGrief and Mourning•Grief Grief –Immediate reaction to lossImmediate reaction to loss–Lasts a number of months or longerLasts a number of months or longer–Marked by sadness, anger, guilt, body Marked by sadness, anger, guilt, body sensations of hollowness in the stomach, lack sensations of hollowness in the stomach, lack of energy, shortness of breath, of energy, shortness of breath, –Marked by following phases (Harvey, 1996):Marked by following phases (Harvey, 1996):•shock, outcry, denialshock, outcry, denial•tendency to review the loss obsessively, emotional tendency to review the loss obsessively, emotional and cognitive restructuringand cognitive restructuringGrief and MourningGrief and Mourning•MourningMourning–Broader psychological process of adjusting to the Broader psychological process of adjusting to the changes following loss including our relationship with the changes following loss including our relationship with the deceased, our self, our world-viewsdeceased, our self, our world-views–Marked by reorganizing and reintegration of our lives in Marked by reorganizing and reintegration of our lives in light of the loss, we are pulling our lives back togetherlight of the loss, we are pulling our lives back together–Resolution and recovery, increased willingness to feel the Resolution and recovery, increased willingness to feel the pain of loss and the integration of a new self-conceptpain of loss and the integration of a new self-concept–Includes behavioral, physical, cognitive, emotional, and Includes behavioral, physical, cognitive, emotional, and spiritual dimensionsspiritual dimensions–Influenced by predictability of the loss, nature and Influenced by predictability of the loss, nature and duration of our relationship to the deceased, self-duration of our relationship to the deceased, self-confidence and coping skillsconfidence and coping skillsA Model of MourningA Model of Mourning•Individual, social and cultural differences in Individual, social and cultural differences in mourningmourning–Personality variables, anxiety about death, social support, Personality variables, anxiety about death, social support, death trajectory, ethnic and cultural background, death trajectory, ethnic and cultural background, spiritual/religious views etc. spiritual/religious views etc. •The following four phases are not restrictive – the The following four phases are not restrictive – the mourning person can move back and forth among mourning person can move back and forth among them, and can be modified by individual, cultural them, and can be modified by individual, cultural and social differencesand social differences•Four phases of mourningFour phases of mourning we will focus on: we will focus on:–Cognitive RestructuringCognitive Restructuring–Emotional ExpressionEmotional Expression–Psychological ReintegrationPsychological Reintegration–Psychospiritual transformationPsychospiritual transformationThe cognitive Restructuring The cognitive Restructuring PhasePhase•We react to the news of a death of a loved We react to the news of a death of a loved one by denial, shock, outcry, panic, one by denial, shock, outcry, panic, despair, helplessness, disbeliefdespair, helplessness, disbelief•Our cognitive schemas are challenged – Our cognitive schemas are challenged – knowledge and expectations about how knowledge and expectations about how the world worksthe world works• Accommodation of our cognitive schemas Accommodation of our cognitive schemas to fit the change following the loss is to fit the change following the loss is important for our coping with the event important for our coping with the eventCognitive Restructuring PhaseCognitive Restructuring PhaseWeeping and OutcryWeeping and Outcry•Weeping, sobbing and uncontrolled crying reflects Weeping, sobbing and uncontrolled crying reflects the cognitive restructuring process assimilation of the cognitive restructuring process assimilation of the new information into our pre-existing schemasthe new information into our pre-existing schemas•This helps us to move from the cognitive denial This helps us to move from the cognitive denial and high arousal to lower arousal and and high arousal to lower arousal and accommodation of the change into our lifeaccommodation of the change into our life•Account makingAccount making–Coming to understanding of why, when, where and how Coming to understanding of why, when, where and how the death occurredthe death occurred–Making sense of the deathMaking sense of the death–Recalling, reflecting and analyzing information related to Recalling, reflecting and analyzing information related to the deceased and his deaththe deceased and his death–Communication about the account with family and friends Communication about the account with family and friends starts the healing processstarts the healing processCognitive Restructuring Cognitive Restructuring StrategiesStrategies•Cognitive