PSY 255 1nd Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. TrainingOutline of Current Lecture II. Stress and StrainIII. Coping With StressIV. Stress Related FactorsV. Work-Family InterfaceVI. Job LossCurrent LectureStress: Any force that pushes psychological and/or physiological functioning beyond its normal range• Challenged-related – Time pressures at work, high levels of responsibility, job overload• Hindrance-related– Constraints that interfere with one’s work (e.g., red tape, politics)Strain: Undesirable stress-related outcomes• Stressors turn into strains• Job-related– ↓ Job sat, motivation; ↑ turnover, absenteeism• Emotion-related– Burnout– Depression• PhysiologicalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.– Coronary disease, blood pressure, illness frequencyCoping with Stress• Problem-focused coping– Targets source of stress • Emotion-focused coping– Cognitive-strategies that reduce emotional effects• Social support!Stress-Related Factors• Internal– Type A vs. B personality– Positive affect (Fredrickson, 1998)• External – Personal control, skill use, variety, clarity, social prestige, goals, rewards, security, supportive supervision, interpersonal contactWork–Family Interface• Three models– Spillover: attitudes, emotional, behavior spillover• stronger for work-to-family– Compensation: counterbalance b/w family & work– Segmentation: no overlap whatsoever• Work–family conflict (WFC)– When work and family domains do not fit well and one role has a negative effect on the other • Work–family enrichment– When attitudes and behaviors have positive carryover from one domain to the other• Both conflict and enrichment are bidirectional• Can flow from work-to-family and/or family-to-work• Family-friendly programs– Child-care– Elder-care– Flexible work– Family-related leave/time-off– Convenience benefits– Health promotion– Education assistance– Housing assistanceJob Loss• Among 10 most stressful life events– job loss anxiety has been increasing• Why? Because jobs provide:– financial means for living– time structure– opportunity for skill use and development– non-family social interaction– purpose and accomplishment– sense of identity• Downsizing, rightsizing, lay-offs, RIFs– 43 MILLION Jobs have been lost in the US since 1979– Less productive, trusting, more angry and anxious, low morale and job satisfaction– Reactions likely worse for best employeesWorkplace Violence• Outcome of job stress• Statistics– Nearly 1,000 employees murdered per year– Homicide 2nd leading cause of death of employees• Especially retail sales employees (robberies)• Risk factors for being assaulted at work:– Contact with public– Exchange of money– Passenger, goods, services delivery– Mobile workplace– Work with unstable folks– Working alone or in small groups• O’Leary Kelly et al. (1996)– Organization-motivated aggression• Attempts to cause injury or destruction• Organizational insiders or outsiders– Organization-motivated violence• “–” effects resulting from aggression• 4 robust findings– Frustrating events lead to greater incidence of aggression and violence– Aggressive and violent EEs have been or are rewarded for such behavior– Aggression and violence associated with external locus of control– Typically due to