Chapter 28: The Reproductive SystemIntroductionMale and female reproductive systems are a series of glands and tubes that produce and nurture sex cells, and transport them to the site of fertilization.Organs of the Male Reproductive SystemMale Duct SystemOrgans of the Female Reproductive SystemFemale Internal Accessory OrgansFemale External Reproductive OrgansMammary GlandsChapter 28: The Reproductive SystemChapter ObjectivesMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM1. List the major components of the male reproductive system and their general functions. 2. Explain the structure of the testes.3. Explain the functions of the seminiferous tubules, sustentacular cells and interstitial cells.4. Explain the structure and functions of the scrotum in its role of protection and temperature regulator. 5. List the structures found in the spermatic cord.6. Explain the structure and functions of the penis.7. List the parts of the autonomic nervous system that control erections and ejaculation. 8. Explain the structure and functions of the epididymis.9. Explain the structure and functions of the ductus (vas) deferens.10. Explain the structure and functions of the ejaculatory ducts.11. Explain the structure and functions of the urethra.12. Explain the structure and function of the seminal vesicles.13. Explain the structure and function of the prostate gland. 14. Explain the structure and function of the bulbourethral gland. 15. Describe the origins as well as cellular and chemical characteristics of semen. 16. Define spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, and sperm. 17. Describe and explain the events of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. 18. Explain the difference between spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis and spermiation.19. Discuss hormones that control the the production of sperm, with emphasis on the actions of each type of hormone with the different types of cells in the testes. 20. Describe the structure of a mature sperm.FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM21. Describe the general location and functions of the ovaries, uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands.22. Describe the external accessory structures that hold the ovaries in place.23. Discuss the histology of the ovaries.24. Describe the uterine tubes' general and epithelial structure, in addition to their operation in transport of the secondary oocyte after ovulation. 25. Identify the anatomical subdivisions of the uterus.26. Discuss the three histological layers of the uterus.27. Provide a detailed histological description of the endometrium.28. Discuss the composition of the cervical mucosa and correlate the changes in the cervical mucosa to its effects on the sperm.29. Name the anatomic structures of the vagina.30. Differentiate the functions of the distinct external structure of the vulva: the Labia majora, Labia minora, Clitoris, and Bulb of Vestibule. 31. Describe the location, anatomy and function of the mammary glands.32. Follow the steps of oogenesis. 33. Trace the formation and development of the of the ovarian follicles.34. Relate the timing of oogenesis to follicle development.FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE35. Describe the difference between the uterine and ovarian cycles. 36. Discuss the hormones that control the female reproductive cycle. Describe each hormone’s function. 37. Note the normal time span for each of the four phases of the female reproductive cycle. 38. Portray the events occurring with the follicles in the ovaries and the tissue changes in the endometrium during the menstrual phase.39. Discuss the changes in hormone levels during the preovulatory phase 40. Discuss the changes in hormonal levels that initiate ovulation.41. Explain the consistency of the postovulatory interval and course of development of the corpus luteum and endometrium depending on whether fertilization does or does not occur.Chapter Lecture NotesIntroductionMale and female reproductive systems are a series of glands and tubes that produce and nurture sex cells, and transport them to the site of fertilization.Organs of the Male Reproductive SystemTestes – primary sex organ of the male reproductive system (Fig 28.1, 28.3 & 28.4)Testes or testicles - ovoid glands (gonads) suspended by a spermatic cord in the scrotumTunica VaginalisPiece of peritoneum that descended with testes into scrotal sacFacilitates movement of testes within scrotumStructure of the TestesTunica Albuginea - dense white capsule on the outsidelobules contain highly coiled seminiferous tubules and are separated by connective tissueSeminiferous tubules - lined with stratified epithelium that gives rise to sperm cellsSertoli cells or sustentacular cells – large cells embedded among the spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules blood-testis barrier - tight junctions between sustentacular cells prevent an immune response against the spermatogenic cells nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoaOrgans of the Male Reproductive Systemmediate the effects of testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone on spermatogenesisphagocytose excess spermatids cytoplasm as development proceedscontrol movements of spermatogenic cells and the release of spermatozoa into thelumen of the seminiferous tubulesecrete fluid for sperm transportsecrete the hormone inhibin, which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSHInterstitial cells (Leydig cells) - produce the male hormones (testosterone)Channels leading from the seminiferous tubules carry sperm to the epididymis and ductus(vas) deferensScrotum - a pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue that houses the testes (Fig 28.1 & 28.2)Temperature regulation of testessperm survival requires 3 degrees lower temperature than core body temperatureskin contains dartos muscle which causes wrinklingwhen warm, muscle is relaxed to increase surface area for coolingwrinkles when cold to conserve heatcremaster muscle in spermatic cordelevates testes on exposure to cold & during arousalwarmth reverses the processSpermatic cord - a supporting structure of the male reproductive system, consisting of (Fig 28.2)cremaster muscleductus (vas) deferenstesticular arteryveins and lymphatic vesselsautonomic nervesPenis - contains the urethra and is a passageway for the ejaculation of semen (Fig 28.10)Four anatomical partsrootbulb crura (pl), crus (s)bodyglans penis Body contains three erectile tissue masses paired corpora cavernosa penis (1 & 2) unpaired corpus spongiosum penis (3)filled with blood sinuseslined by