HC70A & SAS70A Winter 2009 Genetic Engineering in Medicine, Agriculture, and Law Professors Bob Goldberg & John Harada Lecture 7 Twenty-First Century Genetic Engineering Applications-Part One Course AdministratorpTHEMES 1. Review Origins of Genetic Engineering 2. Overview of Genetic Engineering Applications and Uses Discussed to Date (e.g., DNA Fingerprinting, Screening For Disease Genes, Human Origins) 3. Genetic Engineering Applications Using Bacteria a. Drugs, Vaccines, & Antibiotics i. FDA Approval ii. Antibody Production, Immune Responses, Gene Rearrangements, and Cancer iii. Antibiotic Action & “Problems” iv. Metagenomics-Screening For New Bacteria b. Food Products (e.g., cheese) c. Metabolites, Biofuel Production, & Bioremediation d. Human Drug Delivery Systems 4. Genetic Engineering Applications Using Yeast a. What Are Fungi? Advantages or Genetic Engineering Human Genes & Proteins? b. Drugs c. Fermentation & Alcoholic BeveragesGenetic Engineering Where Are We in Our Discussion of Genetic Engineering and Its Uses?“Why” Clone Genes From An Organismʼs Genome? A Review 1. PURIFY Individual Genes From the Genome ( e.g.,one of 25,000 human genes) 2. AMPLIFY Genes to Obtain DNA (genes) For Study 3. USE the Cloned Genes To: a) Study Gene Structure & Function ( THE Major Use!) b) Use to Sequence Genomes and Compare Genomes c) Use to Convert Cells Into Factories To Make Drugs and Pharmaceuticals d) Use to Screen For Genetic Diseases e) Use to Identify Individuals (e.g., Paternity, Forensics, Human Origins) f) Use to Correct Genetic Diseases g) Use to Engineer New Crops and Farm Animals h) Use to Identify and Sequence Ancient DNA i) And Many Other Uses…As You will See in the Next Two Lectures!!Genetic Engineering Has Affected Our Lives in Many Ways-A Review! 1. Basic Understanding of Living Processes and Ourselves 2. Basic Understanding of Genes and Their Functions 3. The Era of Genomics and the Sequence of the Human Genome and Those of Other Organisms 4. Basic Understanding of Human Diseases Such as Cancer and Novel New Treatments 5. A Multibillion Dollar Biotechnology Industry 6. New Legal Issues Such as Genetic Privacy, Forensics, and Patents on Genes and Genetically Engineered Organisms 7. An New Understanding of Human Origins and the Diversity of Human Populations (e.g., where we come from) 8. New Understanding of the Evolutionary Relationships Between Organisms (e.g., sequence of mammalian genomes, including mouse, human, dog, cat,chimpanzee) 9. Ability to Sequence the Genomes of Extinct Organisms 10. New Ethical Issues in “How Far” We Should Go in Using Genetic Engineering and Mammalian Reprodcutive TechnologiesGenetic Engineering Technology Has Led to Many New Legal and Ethical Issues-A Review 1. Patenting Genes, Cells, & Living Organisms? 2. Regulating Experimentation on DNA, Cells, Transgenic Organisms (“GMOs”)? 3. Regulating the Release of Genetically Modified Organisms into the Environment? 4. Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods? 5. Genetic Testing: DNA Databases, Newborn Genetic Screening, Genetic Privacy, Involuntary or Voluntary Testing? 6. Genetic Discrimination? 7. Genetic Enhancement and Eugenics: Right to Enhance Your Child? 8. Gender Selection and Prenatal Screening of Genetic Diseases? 9. Gene Therapy: Correcting Human Genetic Diseases? 10. Human Cloning and Genetic Improvement? 11. Gene Testing Companies (e.g., 23andMe): Liability? 12. Synthetic Genomes: Constructing New Organisms?The Origins of Genetic Engineering How It All Began 1973Some Applications of Genetic Engineering Discussed To Date Basic Sciences Applied Uses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Genomics 6. 1. 2. 3. 4.Basic Genetic Engineering Uses……….. 1. Isolating Genes 2. Studying Basic Cellular Processes (e.g., Glow Protein in Jellyfish) 3. Studying the Structure and Function of Genes a. What Do They Do? b. Where Are They Expressed? c. What Are There Switches? d. What is Their Structure? (e.g., intron discovery) 4. Studying the Structure and Function of Proteins Encoded by Cloned Genes 5. Sequencing Genomes a. Identifying Genes b. Understanding the Evolution of Genes, Chromosomes, Genomes, and Populations 6. Understanding Evolutionary Processes 7. Studying the Origins of Cellular Systems a. Synthetic Biology-Minimal Number of Genes to Make a Cell………e.g., Cloning the Jellyfish Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) Gene, Dissecting GFP Structure, & Using GFP to Mark Cell ProcessesA Few Applications of Genetic EngineeringSome Applications of Genetic Engineering Basic Sciences Applied Uses 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Genomics 6. 1. 2. 3. 4.Some Applied Uses of Genetic Engineering Recombinant Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) 1. DNA Fingerprinting Probes/Templates-Forensics 2. DNA Probes/Templates-Genetic Disease Diagnosis, Paternity, Infectious Disease Pathogens,Ancestry, Personal Genomics (SNPs) 3. DNA Computers! 4. Gene & Genome Sequencing 5. PCR (Need Clone & Sequence First!) 6. Anti-Sense/RNAi Drugs (Humans) 7. Gene Therapy Vectors (Humans) Recombinant Viruses 1. Gene Therapy Vehicles 2. Vaccines Recombinant Microbes (Bacteria & Fungi/ Molds) 1. Biofactories/Metabolic Engineering- Synthesis of Industrial Molecules 2. Drug Production- Human Proteins & Antibiotics 3. Enzymes Protein Engineering- Food & Industrial Application 4. Waste Remediation Transgenic Animals & Humans 1. Disease Models/Functions of Human Genes (Mouse) 2. Drug Production (Whole Animals & Cells) 3. Improved Farm Animals For Food Production 4. Transgenic Fish For Fun/Pets & Food (GlowFish) 5. Transgenic Mosquito/Malaria Control 6. Gene Therapy (Humans) Recombinant Plants 1. Improved Crops/Higher Yields/Food Production 2. Drug Production 3. Biofactories/Fuel 4. Bioremediation 5. Improved Foods/Better NutritionGenetic Engineering Applications Using Bacteria E. Coli is the “Workhorse”Bacteria Have Many Uses and Cause Much Human Suffering Antibiotics Human Pathogens Oxygen Food Nitrogen Cycle Human Pathogens E. Coli PCR Human PathogensExpression Vectors Are Used To Make Recombinant Proteins In Bacterial Cells What Switches? Terminators? Codon Usage (For Synthetic Genes)? cDNA or Synthetic Coding Sequence Foreign Protein or DrugWhy E. coli ?Recombinant Drugs Made In