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PCC BI 232 - Anatomy and Physiology

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BI 232L Anatomy & Physiology Lab Objectives Exercise 17: Histology of the ervous System Define the following terms. nerve tract neuron process axon dendrite ganglion, plural: ganglia nucleus, plural: nuclei plexus, plural: plexi Microscope slides: identify the following elements on the slides indicated. An asterisk indicates you are responsible for the function for the structure. Slides: 40-Medullated nerve axon* myelin sheath* neurilemma endoneurium* perineurium* epineurium* 41-Medullated nerve teased axon* myelin sheath* Node of Ranvier*Exercise 19: Brain and Cranial erves Human brain models, sheep brains, and a model of the ventricles will be studied for this exercise. The structures marked with a $ are visible on specimens. Learn the function of the structures marked with an *. Anatomy of the Brain gyrus $ (p. gyri) midbrain sulcus $ (p. sulci) cerebral peduncles longitudinal fissure $ corpora quadrigemina $ transverse fissure $ superior colliculis $ * lobes inferior colluculis $ * parietal lobe $ * Cerebellum $ * frontal lobe $ * arbor vitae $ occipital lobe $ * Ventricles * temporal lobe $ * lateral $ (there are 2) central sulcus $ third $ primary motor area $ * fourth $ (also precentral gyrus) choroid plexus* primary sensory area $ * septum pellucidum (also postcentral gyrus) cerebral aqueduct cerebral cortex $ * Meninges * corpus collosum $ * dura mater $ superior sagital sinus Diencephalon transverse sinus thalamus * straight sinus intermediate mass $ hypothalamus$ * arachnoid mater infundibulum * pia mater $ pituitary gland * (sits in sella turcica of sphenoid) mammillary body $ * olfactory bulb $ pineal gland $ * olfactory tract $ optic nerve $ Brainstem optic chiasm $ medulla $ * (lays in sphenoid bone) pons $* optic tract $ Cranial Nerves Identify the 12 cranial nerves on models and the first 2 on the sheep brain. For each cranial nerve, learn one structure it innervates I Olfactory $ (only the tract is present) VII Facial II Optic $ VIII Vestibulocochlear (auditory) III Oculomotor IX Glossopharyngeal IV Trochlear X Vagus V Trigeminal XI Accessory VI Abducens XII HypoglossalExercise 20: Electroencephalography Be able to identify the four types of brain waves describe in the lab manual. Understand what they each indicate. Exercise 21: Spinal Cord and Spinal erves Cross Section of Spinal Cord Identify the following features on models of the spinal cord cross section. Learn the function of the structures marked with an *. central canal $ gray matter $ anterior and lateral horns * $ posterior horn $ anterior and posterior gray commissures * $ white matter anterior funiculus $ posterior funiculus $ lateral funiculus $ spinal nerve ventral root * dorsal root * dorsal root ganglion * ventral ramus dorsal ramus Meninges * epidural space dura mater $ arachnoid mater suarachnoid space pia mater $ sympathetic ganglion ramus communicans vertebral arteries Histology: Identify from the list above the features marked with a $ on slides 39.Spinal Nerves and Plexi On the torso, leg, arm, cervical vertebrae, and pelvic models identify the following plexi and nerves and learn 1 structure innervated by each nerve: Cervical plexus Sacral plexus phrenic n. sciatic n. tibial n. Brachial plexus common fibular (peroneal) n. axillary n. superficial fibular (peroneal) n. radial n. musculotaneous n. median n. ulnar n. Lumbar plexus femoral n. Exercise 22: Human Reflex Physiology Understand the concepts of the activities performed in class. Exercise 23: General Sensation Understand the concepts of the activities performed in class. Exercise 24: Vision Identify the following structures on models and the sheep eyes. The structures marked with a $ are those you should be able to see on the sheep eye. Learn the functions of the structures marked with a *. Extrinsic eye muscles* Lateral rectus Superior rectus Medial rectus Inferior rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique Lacrimal apparatus Lacrimal gland * Lacrimal ducts Lacrimal canal Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal ductEyeball Sclera $* Cornea $* Choroid $* Ciliary body $* Suspensory ligaments * Lens $* Pupil $* Iris $* Retina $* Macula lutea Fovea centralis * Optic disc $ Optic nerve $* Anterior segment Aqueous humor Anterior chamber Posterior chamber Posterior segment Vitreous humor $ Microscope slides: Identify the structures listed on slide 95 Retina * Ganglion cell layer Bipolar cell layer Photoreceptors (rods & cones) Pigmented layer Sclera* Choroid* Exercise 25: Hearing and Equilibrium Identify the following structures on the ear models. Learn the functions of those with a *. Pinna* (auricle) External auditory meatus Tympanic membrane* Auditory (Eustachian) tube* Malleus* Incus* Stapes* Oval window* Vestibule Utricle Saccule Cochlea* Semicircular canals Semiciruclar ducts Ampulla*, pl: ampullae Vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerveHistology and Organ of Corti Model: On slide 28-cochlea, identify all of the following structures. On the cochlea model, identify those structures marked with an $. Scala vestibuli $ Scala tympani $ Scala media (cochlear duct) $ Vestibular membrane $ Basilar membrane $ Tectorial membrane $ Organ of Corti $* (spiral organ) Hair cells $* Spiral ganglion $ Cochlear nerve Exercise 26: Taste and Olfaction Learn the function of the structures marked with an *. Taste: On slide 67-vallate papilla, identify taste buds*. Also note the thick stratified squamous epithelium* coating the tongue and the striated muscle*. Olfaction: In lab manual-olfactory epithelium Observe the epithelium and its receptor cells*. Identify the nasal glands.


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