Group 6 Presentation Chapter 7, 8, and 9Overview of Presentation:Chapter 7 Structure, General Properties, and Applications of PolymersBackground of PolymersSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Characteristics of PolymersSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Structures of PolymersSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22ThermoplasticsSlide 24Effects of TemperatureRate of DeformationOrientationCreep/Stress RelaxationCrazingWater AbsorptionThermal/Electrical PropertiesThermosetsAdditives in PlasticPlasticizersCarbon BlackFillersColorantsFlame RetardantsLubricantsGeneral Applications of Thermoplastics and ThermosetsBiodegradable PlasticsRecyclingElastomersCeramicsMajor types of oxide ceramicsSlide 46CarbidesNitridesSlide 49Sialon and CermetsSilica and NanoceramicsBioceramicsAdvantages/DisadvantagesSection 8.4 - 8.7Glass TerminologyTypes of GlassesSlide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Characteristics of GlassGlass ClassificationsGlass CeramicsCharacteristics of Glass CeramicsBackground on GraphiteCharacteristics of GraphiteTypes of Graphite and UsesSlide 70DiamondsChapter 9: Composite MaterialsDefinition:Slide 74Quick examples: Every day use to space ship applications…Quick examples:Quick examples:Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Structure of reinforced plastics (composite)Fibers:Fibers: (continued)Slide 85MatrixMatrix (continued)Slide 88PropertiesOrientation of fibersSlide 91Various fibersSlide 93Various metal matrixReferences for Chapter 7References For Chapter 8ReferencesReference ListSlide 99Group 6 PresentationChapter 7, 8, and 9Gavin KureyKevin ArchibequeDavid BarbozaCedric TurcotteMarcos GonzalesOverview of Presentation:Structure, General Properties, and Applications of:• Polymers (Ch. 7)• Ceramics, Graphite, and Diamonds (Ch. 8)• Composite Materials (Ch. 9)Pictures from AccelrysChapter 7Structure, General Properties, and Applications of Polymers• Background of Polymers• Characteristics of Polymers• The Structure of Polymers• Types of Plastics and Rubbers• Recycling PlasticsBackground of PolymersTerminology:• Polymer – Poly meaning many and mer meaning unit.• Monomers – Basic building block of a polymer.• Macromolecules – extremely large collections of molecules to form one unit.• Plastics – a synonym for polymers.• Synthetic – manmade.Background of Polymers• The word plastic comes from the Greek word plastikos, meaning capable of being molded and shaped.• The earliest polymers, such as cellulose, were made from natural organic materials from animals and vegetable products.Background of Polymers• Bakelite, the earliest synthetic polymer, is made from phenolformaldehyde, a thermoset developed in 1906.Background of Polymers• The development of modern polymer technology began in the 1920’s when raw materials necessary for making polymers were extracted from coal and petroleum products. Ethylene was the first example of such raw material.Characteristics of Polymers• Plastics contain large molecules• Two common examples of how plastics can be shaped are: Forming Machine CastingCharacteristics of PolymersCharacteristics of PolymersCharacteristics of PolymersCharacteristics of PolymersAdvantages of using plastics:• Low Cost• Low Electrical and Thermal Conductivity• Low Density• High Strength-to-Weight Ratio• Resistance to Chemical Corrosion• Amount of Noise Reduction• Assortment of Colors and Transparencies• Ease of Manufacturing• Minimal Additional Surface Treatments• Forms of Availability Such As: Tubes, Films, Sheets, Plates, Rods, etc.Structures of PolymersDefinitions:•Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD), is the sum of the molecular weights of the mers in a chain• Degree of Polymerization (DP), is the size of the polymer chain•MWD and DP determines the tensile strength, impact strength, and viscosity of polymers.Structures of Polymers• An increase in MWD, increases: Tensile Strength Impact strength Resistance to cracking Viscosity• The larger DP, the larger: Viscosity Cost (because harder to shape)Structures of Polymers• Polymers are very large molecules compared to most other organic materials• They are long chain of molecules linked together by a process called polymerization.•There are two important types of Polymerization: Condensation Polymerization Addition PolymerizationStructures of Polymers• Condensation Polymerization: Known as Step-Growth or Step Reaction Is the process in which polymers are produced by the formation of bonds between two types of reacting mers. In better terms, the polymer grows step-by-step until all of one reactant is consumed. Example: Water is condensed out to make plastic.Structures of Polymers• Addition Polymerization: Known as chain-growth or chain-reaction  Much faster than condensation method Is the process in which the chain-growth takes place without reactant by-products such as water An initiator is added to the reaction to open the double bond between the two carbon atomsStructures of Polymers• Examples of the basic building blocks for plastics:Structures of Polymers• Linear Polymers  Sequential structures• Branched Polymers  Increase resistance to deformation and stress cracking. • Cross Linked Polymers(Thermosets) have a major influence in polymers. Imparting hardness, strength, stiffness, brittleness, and better dimensional stability.• Networked Polymers(highly cross linked), have a higher strength when exposed to high energy radiation, UV light, x-rays, or electron beams.Structures of Polymers• Copolymers contain two types of polymers Ex: Styrene-butadiene, used in making tires• Terpolymers contains three types of polymers Ex: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, used to make helmetsStructures of Polymers• Amorphous, the polymer chains exist without order. • Crystallites, the regions arrange themselves in an orderly manner.Structures of Polymers• As Crystallinity increases polymers become: Stiffer  Harder Less ductile More dense Less rubbery More resistant to solvents and heat.ThermoplasticsPolymers that can undergo external shaping forces and return to their original stateEx: Acrylics, Nylons, PolyethylenesThermoplasticsCharacteristics and Effects on Thermoplastics:•Effects of Temperature•Rate of Deformation•Orientation•Creep/Stress Relaxation•Crazing•Water Absorption•Thermal and Electrical