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1Psychology 338KSpring 2000Exam 21. Word recognition latency __________ linearly with __________.a. increases, word frequencyb. increases, the logarithm of word frequencyc. decreases, word frequencyd. decreases, the logarithm of word frequency2. The import of this fact is that a given change in word frequency will havea. a greater effect on a high frequency word than a low.b. a greater effect on a low frequency word than a high.c. the same effect on both high and low frequency words.3. We guesstimated that a 21-year old college student will have reada. 80,000 words.b. 800,000 wordsc. 8,000,000 wordsd. 80,000,000 words4. The word the accounts for about ____ percent of all the words in print.a. .07b. .70c. 7d. 705. The ____ most common words in the language (the, of, in, etc.) account for ____percent of all the words in print.a. 7, 12b. 12, 25c. 25, 75d. 75, 996. Word frequency is confounded with many other variables. One is the content-function distinction. Content words are _____ frequent than function words.a. moreb. less7. The recognition of _____________ words varies with word frequency.a. both content and functionb. content but not functionc. function but not contentd. neither content nor function8. Word frequency and word length area. positively correlated (i.e., as one increases, so does the other)b. negatively correlated (as one increases, the other decreases)c. unrelated.29. The effects of word frequency and length area. additive.b. interactive.10. That is to say, the effect of word frequency on short words is ____________ itseffect on long words.a. greater thanb. less thanc. the same as11. Word frequency is positively correlated with word ambiguity. When frequency isheld constant, ambiguous words are recognized _____________ as unambiguouswords.a. fasterb. slowerc. at the same speed12. This holds true fora. naming but not lexical decision latency.b. lexical but not naming latency.c. both naming and lexical decision latency.13. The word frequency effecta. is constant across tasks (fixation duration, naming, lexical decision, etc.).b. increases with the difficulty of the task.c. decreases with the difficulty of the task.14. Word frequency is also confounded with word regularity: frequent words (e.g., fist,desk) tend to be less regular than irregular words (e.g., pint, café). Regular wordsshow __________ frequency effect as/than irregular.a. a largerb. a smallerc. the same15. The regularity effect tends to support thea. the direct access hypothesis (DAH).b. the phonological recoding hypothesis (PRH).16. This is because the ___________ predict the regularity effect.a. DAH wouldb. DAH would notc. PRH wouldd. PRH would not17. The PRH suggests that we __________ the printed word.a. hearb. subvocalize318. Support for the PRH comes from studies of homophony. These studies have shownthat homophony slows the recognition ofa. word but not pseudowords.b. pseudowords but not words.c. both words and pseudowords.19. The PRH holds that we do this prelexically. Thus we must have the ability toconvert strings of letters into strings of phonemes. Evidence that we do have suchan ability can be found in our ability to pronouncea. consonant strings.b. pseudowords.c. exception words (e.g., cello, tongue).20. But the hypothesis that we prelexically recode letters into phonemes runs intotrouble witha. ambiguous words.b. exception words.c. long words.d. pseudowords.21. This led to the development of the dual route hypothesis, combining the DAH a n dthe PRH. The principal support for this model comes from studies ofa. acquired dyslexia.b. development dyslexia.22. A way to test the dual route hypothesis with normal readers is to examine thecorrelations between how well they read regular (R), exception (E), a n dpseudowords (N). The dual route hypothesis predicts that the lowest correlationwould be observed betweena. R and E.b. R and N.c. E and N.23. Several studies of children have shown this to bea. true.b. false.24. Studies of normal adults have found this to bea. true.b. false.25. Kichun Nam measured the speed with which Koreans read hangul (an alphabeticand shallow orthography) and hanja (Chinese characters). He reported that thecorrelation between the two was (approximately)a. 0.b. .25.c. .50.d. .75.426. This would indicate that the dual route hypothesis would ______ for Koreans.a. holdb. not hold27. Nam also found that word frequency hada. a greater effect on hangul than on hanja.b. a greater effect on hanja than on hangul.c. the same effect on hanja and hangul.28. A view of reading that holds it is primarily determined by the letters on the page iscalled ____________ view of reading.a. a bottom u pb. a top downc. an interactive29. Most students of reading hold that it is interactive, because of the effects of__________ on word recognition.a. ambiguityb. contextc. frequencyd. length30. The studies that seem to support this have useda. ambiguous words.b. atypical contexts.c. low frequency words.d. long words.31. Context does affect word recogntion. But the effect of context _________ with thequality of the stimulus (i.e., the clarity of the print).a. increasesb. decreasesc. does not vary32. The effect of context __________ with reading ability.a. increasesb. decreasesc does not vary33. The effect of context __________ with its predictiveness.a. increasesb. decreasesc. does not vary.34. In ordinary text, the mean predictability of content words isa. 0.b. .1c. .25.d. .4.535. The modal predictability of content words isa. 0.b. .1.c. .25.d. .4.36. The mean predictability of function words isa. 0.b. .1.c. .25.d. .4.37. What this adds up to is the conclusion that reading is primarilya. bottom up.b. top down.c. interactive.38. Further support for this conclusion comes from the study of flawed text. Gollaschfound that when readers read a passage containing (say) 6 errors, they reporta, none of them.b. less than half of them.c. all of them.39. Kenneth Goodman takes this to mean that these errors hada. no effect on reading.b. a profound effect on reading.40. Gough and his colleagues asked some students to read the Gollasch (“dirty”)passage and others to read an error-free (“clean”) version of the same passage a n dcompared their reading times. They found that readers of the dirty passagea. read it faster.b. read it slower.c. read it at the


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UT PSY 338K - Exam 2

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