Slide 1How do Geographic Information Systems work?Relating information from different sourcesHow can a GIS use the information in a map?Data IntegrationProjection and RegistrationData StructuresGIS in BusinessSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12How do we use GISMap MakingLand use exampleKey TakeawaysThe Appeal and Potential of GISHow does How does GIS work?GIS work?GIS in GIS in BusinessBusinessHow do we How do we use it?use it?How do How do Geographic Geographic Information Information Systems work?Systems work?Relating information from Relating information from different sourcesdifferent sources Different kinds of data in map form can be Different kinds of data in map form can be entered into a GIS entered into a GIS Digital satellite images can be analyzed to Digital satellite images can be analyzed to produce a map of digital information about produce a map of digital information about land use and land cover land use and land coverHow can a GIS use the How can a GIS use the information in a map?information in a map? The answer is data capture The answer is data capture –Maps can be digitizedMaps can be digitizedHand-tracing with a computer mouse on the screenHand-tracing with a computer mouse on the screenDigitizing tablet to collect the coordinates of Digitizing tablet to collect the coordinates of featuresfeatures Electronic scanners can also convert maps to Electronic scanners can also convert maps to digitsdigits –Coordinates from Global Positioning System (GPS) Coordinates from Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers can also be uploadedreceivers can also be uploadedData IntegrationData IntegrationA GIS integrates information that is difficult A GIS integrates information that is difficult to associate through any other means.to associate through any other means.–GIS can use combinations of mapped GIS can use combinations of mapped variables to build and analyze new variables variables to build and analyze new variablesProjection and Projection and RegistrationRegistrationInformation in a GIS comes from existing mapsInformation in a GIS comes from existing maps–Uses computer processing power to transform Uses computer processing power to transform digital info, gathered from sources with digital info, gathered from sources with different projections, to a common projectiondifferent projections, to a common projection–Mathematical way of transferring information Mathematical way of transferring information from the Earth's three-dimensional surface to from the Earth's three-dimensional surface to a two-dimensional medium. a two-dimensional medium.Data StructuresData Structures Can a land use map be related to a satellite image?Can a land use map be related to a satellite image?–Yes, may not be entirely compatible.Yes, may not be entirely compatible.–Satellite image data that have been interpreted by a Satellite image data that have been interpreted by a computer to produce a land use map can be "read into" computer to produce a land use map can be "read into" the GIS in raster format. the GIS in raster format. Raster data files consist of rows of uniform cells coded according Raster data files consist of rows of uniform cells coded according to data values. to data values.GIS in BusinessGIS in BusinessGIS are typical in business and GIS are typical in business and management operations around the management operations around the globe in organizations as diverseglobe in organizations as diverse as: as:–City and state governmentsCity and state governments –Utilities & telecommunicationsUtilities & telecommunications –Railroads & civil engineeringRailroads & civil engineering –Petroleum exploration and retailingPetroleum exploration and retailing –Private and public sectorsPrivate and public sectorsGIS is about to move globally as the GIS is about to move globally as the demands on GIS and business as a demands on GIS and business as a whole is fast changing. whole is fast changing. It is no longer just in the routing It is no longer just in the routing problems but in:problems but in:–Warehousing Warehousing –Mining Mining –Visualization Visualization –Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise Resource Planning –E-Commerce E-CommerceGIS can also improve such function asGIS can also improve such function as::–Target marketing Target marketing –Customer service Customer service –Demand forecastingDemand forecasting–Property management/real estate market Property management/real estate market share analysis share analysis –Merchandise planning Merchandise planning –Distribution logistics and many more areasDistribution logistics and many more areasThere are also problems with GIS. There are also problems with GIS. Some examples are:Some examples are:–Availability of dataAvailability of dataThe most detailed street maps are not always The most detailed street maps are not always available for use to the general public and GIS available for use to the general public and GIS systemssystems –Quality of the dataQuality of the data Data that is available from private parties or Data that is available from private parties or government agencies is often questionable. government agencies is often questionable. Streets are found missing, new buildings and Streets are found missing, new buildings and changing landscapes are frequently not changing landscapes are frequently not updated. updated.–Cost of its productionCost of its productionNot everyone can afford a custom GIS Not everyone can afford a custom GIS –Shortage of knowledgeable staffShortage of knowledgeable staffHow do we use How do we use GISGISA graphic file linked to an attribute database A graphic file linked to an attribute database - - Example: migration routes of caribou and polar Example: migration routes of caribou and polar bears bears - De-conflict - De-conflictMap MakingMap MakingEliminating developed areasEliminating developed areasPollutionPollutionHeavy deposits of sand/gravelHeavy deposits of sand/gravelBed rock depthBed rock depthSaturation thickness grater than 40 ft.Saturation thickness grater than 40 ft.Land use exampleLand use exampleGIS holds tremendous potential for:GIS holds tremendous potential for:–Improving productivityImproving productivity–Credibility- More efficientCredibility- More efficient–Profitability of any organization. Profitability of any organization. GIS adds meaning to GIS adds meaning to –DataData turns into
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