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AN OBJECT ORIENTED SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS

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ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: AN OBJECT ORIENTED SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS David Richardson, Doctor of Philosophy, 2006 Dissertation Directed By: Professor Reinhard Radermacher Department of Mechanical Engineering Thermo fluid energy system simulation has shown to be a useful tool for engineers; encompassing component design, system design and with increasing interest, system optimization. Thermo fluid energy systems, be they for comfort cooling, comfort heating, power generation, or any other purpose typically possess a unique composition and function. This has resulted in simulations for individualrather narrowly defined energy systems, each customized for the particular system of interest. However, it is impossible to ignore that the majority of thermo fluid energy systems share, among others, the common characteristics of fluid flow, mechanical work input/output and energy input/output via heat transfer. This dissertation exploits this similarity, and develops an object oriented methodology for modeling components and solving systems created from such components, operating in steady-state. The technique is novel in that it discriminates between systems, and their sub-systems, referred to as components. This methodology serves as a functional starting point which will appeal to the objectives of individual research groups, such as industrial sponsors, academic professionals, and students. The dissertation then presents several examples highlighting the major points in the analysis, and a complex example that demonstrates where such a tool may be usefulness in a product design environment. Lastly, the dissertation presents a component based, user-friendly interface specifically for vapor compression refrigeration systems. Several examples are used to validate the component models, reproducing experimental data reasonably well within a range of 5% for most performance variables.AN OBJECT ORIENTED SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS By David H. Richardson Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2006 Advisory Committee: Professor Reinhard Radermacher, Dissertation Chair/Advisor Professor Shapour Azarm Doctor Yunho Hwang Professor Gregory Jackson Professor Herbert Rabin© Copyright by David H. Richardson 2006ii Dedication This work is dedicated to my very special friends Glenn Campopiano and Adam Carter. Rest peacefully; knowing that regardless of my state of mind, you are always there to assure me that I can do this. Understand that even though you could not stick around to see it done, you have been here every step of the way.iii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge Dr. Reinhard Radermacher, and the entire Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Maryland College Park. I first thank Dr. Radermacher first and foremost, for affording me the opportunity to pursue my studies at the University of Maryland, and for his infinite patience as I found my way through the process. I also thank the other members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Azarm, Dr. Hwang, Dr. Jackson and Dr. Rabin. I would like to thank Dr. Ugo Piomelli, for listening to me above and beyond the call of Fluid Mechanics, and for lending advice of a personal nature. Lastly, I would like to thank Ronnie Brown, who helped me find my way through a very dark place.iv Nomenclature Symbols A Cross-Sectional / Surface Area m2 C Heat Capacity Rate W/K c* Heat Capacity Rate Ratio - CF Correction Factor - COP Coefficient of Performance - Cp Specific Heat J/kg-K DPFactor Pressure Drop Correction Factor - d Diameter m E Energy Flow W Ev Viscous Dissipation W e Electrical Charge C FG Force N FR Fin Ratio - f Friction Factor - g Gravitational Acceleration m/s2 G Gibbs Free Energy W h Specific Enthalpy J/kg h Heat Transfer Coefficient W/m2-K k Thermal Conductivity W/m-K L Length m m Mass Kg m Mass Flow Rate kg/s µ Viscosity Pa-s µ Chemical Potential J NTU Number of Transfer Units - Nu Nusselt Number - P Property - p,P Pressure Pa, Psia P0 Environmental Pressure Pa, Psia PLF Pseudo Length Factor - Q Characteristic Energy Flow Rate W ,QQ Heat Transfer/ Heat Transfer Rate J/W r residual W,kg/s R Thermal Resistance m2-K/W Re Reynold’s Number - s Specific Entropy J/kg-K S Surface Area m2 SEER Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio Btu/W-hr SH Superheat K T Temperature K,°C,°F T0 Environmental Temperature K u Specific Internal Energy J/kg U Overall Heat Tranfer Coefficient W/m2-K V Electrical Potential V V Volume m3 vG Velocity m/s ,WW Work/Power J/W x Thermodynamic Quality - z Elevation m Greek Letters δ Deviation W,kg/s ∆ Change - ε Relative Roughness m ε Convergence Criterion W,kg/s ε Effectiveness - ηs Isentropic Efficiency - ηv Volumetric Efficiency - µ Viscosity Pa-s µ Chemical Potential J Φ Gravitational Potential Energy J ω Humidity Ratio g/kg Subscripts/Superscripts 1,2 Weak/Strong Fluid Air Air Cond Condenser Des Desuperheater i/o In/Out J Junction LHT Liquid Heat Transfer PD Pressure Drop TPHT Two-Phase Heat Transfer p Port ref Refrigerant Sub Subcooler t Transported * Characteristic Valuev Table of Contents Dedication..................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements......................................................................................................iii Nomenclature............................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents.......................................................................................................... v List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xii List of Figures ............................................................................................................ xiv 1. Introduction....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Vapor Compression Refrigeration and Simulation and Research Motivation 1 1.2 Literature


AN OBJECT ORIENTED SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS

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