Slide 1Discussion QuestionDiscussion QuestionsSimplifying LIFO with LIFO Inventory PoolsDollar Value LIFO (DVL)Dollar-Value LIFO (DVL)Dollar-Value LIFO (DVL)Example 2: Dollar Value LIFO MethodExample 2: ContinuedExample 2: ContinuedExample 2: ContinuedLIFO LiquidationLIFO Liquidation Example ContinuedLIFO LiquidationExample 3: LIFO LiquidationExample 3: LIFO Liquidation ContinuedExample 3: LIFO Liquidation ContinuedDecision Makers’ PerspectiveLIFOBasis for Selection of Inventory MethodWhen Prices Are Rising . . .Example 1: Summary of ResultsQuality of EarningsCHAPTER 8CONTINUED VALUATION OF INVENTORIES: A COST-BASIS APPROACHSommers – ACCT 3311Discussion QuestionExplain why proponents of LIFO argue that it provides a better match of revenue and expenses. In what situation would it not provide a better match?Discussion QuestionsQ8–18 Explain the following terms:(a) LIFO Layer(b) LIFO Reserve(c) LIFO EffectSimplifying LIFO with LIFO Inventory Pools•The objectives of using LIFO inventory pools are to simplify recordkeeping by grouping inventory units into pools based on physical similarities of the individual units and to reduce the risk of LIFO layer liquidation.•For example, a glass company might group its various grades of window glass into a single window pool. Other pools might be auto glass and sliding door glass. A lumber company might pool its inventory into hardwood, framing lumber, paneling, and so on.•LIFO pools allow companies to account for a few inventory pools rather than every specific type of inventory separately.Dollar Value LIFO (DVL)•DVL extends the concept of inventory pools by allowing a company to combine a large variety of goods into one pool. Physical units are not used in calculating ending inventory. The technique helps companies simplify LIFO record-keeping, it also minimizes the probability of layer liquidation. At the end of the period, we determine if a new inventory layer was added by comparing ending inventory to beginning inventory. When using DVL we think in terms of inventory layers rather than inventory pools.•The goal of DVL is to determine if an increase in ending inventory over beginning inventory is due to a price increase of a real increase in inventory.Dollar-Value LIFO (DVL)1a. Compute a Cost Index for the year.1b. Deflate the ending inventory value using the cost index.1c. Compare ending inventory (at base year cost) to beginning inventory.Dollar-Value LIFO (DVL)2. Next, identify the layers in ending inventory and the years they were created.3. Convert each layer’s base year cost to layer year cost by multiplying times the cost index. 4. Sum all the layers to arrive at Ending Inventory at DVL cost.You are totally lost so let’s do this!Example 2: Dollar Value LIFO MethodOn January 1, 2011, the Taylor Company adopted the dollar-value LIFO method. The inventory value for its one inventory pool on this date was $400,000. Inventory data for 2011 through 2013 are as follows:Calculate Taylor’s ending inventory for 2011, 2012, and 2013. DateEnding Inventory at Year-End CostsCost Index12/31/11 $ 441,000 1.0512/31/12 487,200 1.1212/31/13 510,000 1.20Example 2: ContinuedAdjust 2011 inventory to 2010 base-year prices:Calculate current year LIFO layer:Add the new LIFO layer at end of period prices to prior year LIFO inventory:Example 2: ContinuedAdjust 2012 inventory to 2010 base-year prices:Calculate current year LIFO layer:Add the new LIFO layer at end of period prices to prior year LIFO inventory:Example 2: ContinuedAdjust 2013 inventory to 2010 base-year prices:$510,000 / 1.20 = $425,000Calculate current year LIFO layer:$425,000 – $435,000 = ($10,000) Layer liquidationCalculate LIFO layers at end of period prices:$400,000 * 1.00 = $400,000 20,000 * 1.05 = 21,000 5,000 * 1.12 = 5,600 $426,600LIFO LiquidationOlder, low cost inventory is sold resulting in a lower cost of goods sold, higher net income, and higher taxes. •Basler Co. has 30,000 pounds of steel in its inventory on December 31, 2012, with cost determined on a specific-goods LIFO approach.At the end of 2013, only 6,000 pounds of steel remained in inventory.LIFO Liquidation Example ContinuedLIFO LiquidationWhen prices rise ...•LIFO inventory costs in the balance sheet are “out of date” because they reflect old purchase transactions.•If inventory declines, these “out of date” costs may be charged to current earnings.•This LIFO liquidation results in “paper profits.”Could this be a source of abuse?Example 3: LIFO LiquidationThe Reuschel Company began 2011 with inventory of 10,000 units at a cost of $7 per unit. During 2011, 55,000 units were purchased for $8.50 each. Sales for the year totaled 54,000 units leaving 11,000 units on hand at the end of 2011. Reuschel uses a periodic inventory system and the LIFO inventory cost method. Calculate cost of goods sold for 2011.Cost of goods sold:Units10,000 55,00065,00011,000 54,000Dollars70,000 467,500537,500? ?Example 3: LIFO Liquidation ContinuedThe Reuschel Company began 2011 with inventory of 10,000 units at a cost of $7 per unit. During 2011, 50,000 units were purchased for $8.50 each. Sales for the year totaled 54,000 units leaving 6,000 units on hand at the end of 2011. Reuschel uses a periodic inventory system and the LIFO inventory cost method. Calculate cost of goods sold for 2011.Cost of goods sold:Units10,000 50,00060,0006,000 54,000Dollars70,000 425,000495,000? ?Example 3: LIFO Liquidation ContinuedFrom a financial reporting perspective, what problem is created by the use of LIFO in this situation? Describe the disclosure required to report the effects of this problem.When inventory quantity declines during a period, liquidation of LIFO inventory layers carried at lower costs prevailing in prior years results in noncurrent costs being matched with current selling prices. If the resulting effect on income is material, it must be disclosed. In this case, the effect of the LIFO layer liquidation is to increase income (ignoring taxes) by $6,000 [4,000 units liquidated x $1.50 ($8.50 current year cost per unit - $7 LIFO layer cost per unit)].Decision Makers’ PerspectiveFactors Influencing Method Choice•How closely do reported costs reflect actual flow of inventory?•How well are costs matched against related revenues?•How are income taxes affected by inventory method choice?MatchingTax Benefits/Improved Cash FlowFuture Earnings