1BIO 162Microbiology for Allied HealthD. Page BaluchMicrobiologyMany technical terms, names of cell structures are formed from Latin or Greek roots micro - very small; bio – life; ology – studystudy of very small living organisms that cannot be seen with unaided eyesMicroorganisms or microbesThey are virtually everywhere - ubiquitousTypes of MicroorganismsBacteriaBacillusHIV FungusAlgaeParameciumDead Sea salt pillarE. coliArchaebacteriaVirusDiatomYeast & moldsProtozoa2Why study microbiology?We have trillions of living microbes in our bodies – indigenous or normal microflora3% known microbes are disease-causing (pathogens)Essential for life on planet e.g oxygen production, nutrients recycling, food chain, Industrial use e.g. bioremediation (decompose industrial waste), genetic engineering (gene transfer), food & beverage (bread, butter, cheese, beer, wine), antibiotics (penicillin, tetracycline)MicrobiologyDifferent specialties within microbiologyBacteriologyVirologyMycologyPhycologyParasitologyImmunologyApplied microbiology – apply knowledge of microbiology to different aspects of society, medicine & industry.Medical microbiologyClinical microbiologyHistory of MicrobiologyOldest fossils of microbes – 3.5 billions years old (compared to animal 630 millions years old)Earliest infectious disease was recorded in 3180 B.C. in Egypt (disease was also known as pestilence)Since microorganisms cannot be seen with the naked eye, the development of microbiology largely relies on the development of microscopes3History of MicrobiologyMajor contributors Robert Hooke- the first cell in cork““Observation XVIII" of the Observation XVIII" of the MicrographiaMicrographiaby by HookeHooke, 1665, 1665History of MicrobiologyMajor contributors Robert Hooke- the first cell in cork Anton van Leeuwenhoek- the first living microbe“….very little animalcules….”by Leeuwonhoek in CornelisBoutesteyn, Leyden, 1685Early observations under primitive microscopes“….very little animalcules….”by Leeuwonhoek in CornelisBoutesteyn, Leyden, 1685““Observation XVIII" of the Observation XVIII" of the MicrographiaMicrographiaby by HookeHooke, 1665, 16654History of MicrobiologyMajor contributors Robert Hooke- the first cell in cork Anton van Leeuwenhoek- the first living microbe Edward Jenner- the first vaccine, 1796  Louis PasteurPasteurization processDisprove “Spontaneous Generation”Germ Theory of Disease Robert KochGerm Theory of Disease - Koch’s postulatesPasteur Disproves “Spontaneous Generation”Spontaneous generation-400 B.C Greek myth formed the basis of this notion which states that lifeless substance could give rise to living organisms• fermentable juice was placed in a flask, heated and sealed  sterileWhat happened when:1. flask remained sealed?2. the end of the neck was nipped off and dust was trapped in the neck?3. the flask was tipped to allow the sterile liquid to touch the contaminated walls and this liquid was then returned to the broth?The swan-neck flask experimentGerm Theory of Disease - Louis Pasteur, 1857Microorganisms (germs) are capable of causing chemical change. Can you think of some examples?Grape juice (naturally contains yeast)Yeast killed by heating the juiceCottom plug prevents airbornmicrobes, juice fails to fermentWine and beer fermentation experimentsYeast is added back to the juiceJuice is fermented into wine5History of MicrobiologyMajor contributors Robert Hooke- the first cell in cork Anton van Leeuwenhoek- the first living microbe Edward Jenner- the first vaccine  Louis PasteurPasteurization processDisprove “Spontaneous Generation”Germ Theory of Disease Robert KochGerm Theory of Disease - Koch’s postulatesKoch’s PostulatesThe organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease, but not in healthy animals. The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure cultureThe cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal. The organism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected animal. Exceptions to Koch’s PostulatesPathogen cannot be cultured in vitroPathogen may be host-specificCertain diseases are caused by multiple microorganismsPathogen may mutate in vitro*Useful terms to know:In vitro – something that occurs outside the living body (ie cell culture)In vivo – something that occurs inside the living bodyObligate intracellular pathogens – pathogens that can only survive within a living host.6Spontaneous generationOriginally thought to exist because of the observations of decomposition by decomposers or saprophytes.Abiogenesis – another word for spontaneous generation.Biogenesis – theory proposed by Rudolf Virchow in 1858 that suggested that life could only arise from preexisting life.How big are microorganisms?measurement unit micrometer (µµµµm = 1 millionth of a meter)5-20003-51-30.01-0.3Size (µµµµm)ProtozoaYeastBacteriaVirusesOrganismsBenefits of MicrobesMicroorganisms play essential roles in elemental cycles such as nitrogen, oxygen and carbon.Photosynthetic algae and bacteria produce much of the oxygen in the atmosphere.7PathogensAlgae – Rarely cause disease or infections. Can cause intoxication by consumption.BacteriaFungiProtozoaVirusesPathogensAlgae Bacteria – Cause diseases such as botulism, cholera, food poisoning, tetanus, tuberculosis, lyme disease…FungiProtozoaVirusesPathogensAlgae BacteriaFungi – Can cause allergies, intoxications, meningitis, pneumonia, ringworm, thrush…ProtozoaViruses8PathogensAlgaeBacteriaFungiProtozoa – Can cause amebic dysentery, diarrhea, malaria, meningoencephalitis, trichomoniasis…VirusesPathogensAlgae BacteriaFungiProtozoaViruses – Can cause AIDS, Bird flu, cancer, chickenpox, cold sores, herpes, hemorrhagic fevers, hepatitis, measles, polio, warts…Categories of Disease caused by PathogensInfectious Disease – Results when a pathogen colonizes within a host.Microbial Intoxication – Results when a person ingests a toxin that was produced by a microorganism.9Careers in MicrobiologyBacteriologist – scientist that specializes in the structure, function and activities of bacteria.Careers in MicrobiologyBacteriologist –