MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Physics Physics 8.01T Fall Term 2004 Problem Set 9: Momentum and Collision Theory Available on-line October 29; Due: November 9 at 4:00 p.m. Please write your name, subject, lecture section, table, and the name of the recitation instructor on the top right corner of the first page of your homework solutions. Please place your solutions in your lecture section table box. Oct 29 No Class Problem Set 8: Due Tues Nov 2 at 4:00 pm. Nov 1 Hour One: Conservation Laws: Momentum and Collision Theory. Reading: YF 8.3-8.6 Hour Two: Problem Solving Session 14: Conservation of Momentum Reading: YF 8.3-8.6 Nov 3 Hour One: Experiment 7: Collisions Reading: Experiment 7 Hour Two: Rigid Bodies Kinematics Reading: YF 9.1-9.6 Nov 5 Hour One: Problem Solving Session 15: Moment of Inertia and Rotational Energy Problem Set 9: Due Tues Nov 9 at 4:00 pm. Nov 8 Hour One: Torque, Rotational Dynamics. Hour Two: Problem Solving Session 16: Rotational Dynamics, Simple Harmonic Motion: Physical Pendulum Nov 10 Hour One: Experiment 8: Physical Pendulum Hour Two: Conservation Laws: Angular Momentum 1Nov 12 Hour One: Problem Solving Session 17: Angular Momentum Problem Set 10: Due Tues Nov 16 at 4:00 pm. Problem 1: Impulse and Momentum The compressive force per area necessary to break the tibia in the lower leg, is about FA =1.6 ×10 N m2 . The smallest cross sectional area of the tibia, about 3.2 cm2 , is slightly/8 ⋅ 1above the ankle. Suppose a person of mass m = 6.0 ×10 kg jumps to the ground from a height h0 = 2.0 m and absorbs the shock of hitting the ground by bending the knees. Assume that there is constant deceleration during the collision. During the collision, the person lowers his center of mass by an amount ∆=d 1cm. a) What is the collision time ∆tcol ? b) Find the average force of the ground on the person during the collision. c) What is the average impulse of the ground on the person? d) Will the person break his ankle? How much would you need to lower your center of mass so you do not break your ankle? Problem 2: Two Dimensional Elastic Collision An object with mass m1 is initially moving with a velocity v1,0 = 3.0 m s and collides elastically with another object of equal mass m2 = m that is initially at rest. After the collision m1 moves 1 0with an unknown speed v1, f at an angle θ= 30 with respect to its initial direction of motion. 1, f After the collision, m2 moves with an unknown speed v2, f , at an unknown angle θ2, f (see sketch). Find the final velocities of each of the masses and the angle θ2, f . 2Problem 3: Experiment 7: Collisions Analysis Part One Inelastic Collision: Analysis: Complete the analysis of your data table by following the two steps below, and answer Question 1 below. You will analyze this collision as seen by two different observers. One observer is at rest with respect to the classroom. This reference frame is called the lab reference frame. The observer is moving at a velocity equal to the center of mass velocity of the two cart system. This frame is called the center of mass reference frame. Step 1: Draw two momentum diagrams for both carts immediately before and immediately after the collision, one describing the collision in the lab reference frame, and one describing the collision in the center of mass reference frame. Step 2: You made three different trial collisions; the first with equal masses, and the second and third with unequal masses. Use your measured values to complete the following table. Entries to the left of the double vertical bar are before the two carts collide; those to the right are after the two carts collide but before the collision with the force sensor. Hand the table in with your homework solutions. a) First calculate the initial kinetic energy K and the final kinetic energy K in the ‘lab 1 2 reference frame’. The difference between the two, K2 − K1 = W , is the non-conservative nc work internal work, W = Kf − K0 , due to the totally inelastic collision. This work is due nc to forces that irreversibly deform the bodies during the collision. b) Then calculate the velocity of the center of mass which is given by r vmr AA,1v = .cm + mbmA rBecause momentum is constant during the collision, you should expect v r = v2 . Calculate the cm total kinetic energy of the two carts in the center of mass reference frame, given by 3K 21 2 CMCS = 1 mA (vA,1 − vcm )+ mB (vcm )2 2 Question 1: In the center of mass reference frame: the velocity of the incident cart A moves rforward with a slower velocity, v r A,1 −v , than in the lab frame; the cart B moves backward with cm a velocity, −v r ; After the collision, the two carts are stuck together and are at rest! So the finalcm kinetic energy is zero, Kf ′= 0 . Therefore the non-conservative work in the center of mass reference frame is given by W = Kf ′− K =− KCMCS .nc CMCS Show that Kf − K0 =− K . This will require a calculation. Does your experimental data verify cmcs this theoretical result? Part Two Elastic Collision: Analysis: Complete the analysis of your data table by following the two steps below, and answer Question 2 below. Once again you made three trials. Since the motion sensor can only calculate the initial and final velocities of the incident cart, you needed to measure the impulse of the second cart on the force sensor to determine the velocity of the target cart. Step 1: Draw a momentum diagram for the collision immediately before the cart B hits the force sensor and after cart B rebounds from the force sensor. Step 2: If we assume that cart B collides elastically with the force sensor, the momentum of the rcart B changes by ∆p =− 2mB v r B,2 . This change in momentum is the impulse that the force B sensor exerts on the target cart. The target cart therefore exerts an equal but opposite impulse on the force sensor with magnitude J =2m v . So measuring the impulse allows you to calculate BB,2 the velocity of the target cart, vB,2 =J 2mB . Use your measured values to complete the following table. Velocity entries to the left of the double vertical bar are before the two carts collide; velocity entries to the right are after they collide but before the collision with the force sensor. Hand the table in with your homework solutions. 4Question 2: Assume that the collision is elastic. Use the principles of conservation of momentum and energy to calculate the
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