CSD 2230 HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERSAnatomical TermsAnatomical Terms Relating to MusculatureRespiratory SystemStructural Framework of the Respiratory SystemVertebral ColumnVertebraeSlide 8ThoraxSlide 10Pectoral GirdlePelvic GirdlePulmonary SystemTracheaSlide 15MusculatureMuscles of InhalationOther Muscles of InhalationSlide 19Pectoralis Major and MinorLevatores CostarumSternocleidomastoid and Scalene MusclesMuscles of ExhalationSlide 24Slide 25Slide 26Physiology for Respiration and Breathing for SpeechSlide 28Speech BreathingLife-Span Issues Regarding RespirationPowerPoint PresentationCSD 2230HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERSTopic 3Introductory Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech, Voice and Auditory SystemThe Respiratory SystemAnatomical TermsAnterior toward the front Posterior/Dorsal toward the backSuperior upper Inferior lowerExternal toward the outside Internal toward the insideMedial toward or near the midline Lateral toward the sideDeep away from the surface Superficial toward the surfaceAnatomical Terms Relating to MusculatureOrigin a muscle’s point of attachment that’s relatively fixedInsertion a muscle’s point of attachment that’s relatively movableAction the movement of a structure that occurs during muscle contraction. Usually occurs at the insertion pointRespiratory Systemprimary biological function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to the blood and remove excess carbon dioxide from the bodySupplying the power source for speech is a secondary functionStructural Framework of the Respiratory System1. Vertebral column2. Thorax3. Pectoral girdle4. Pelvic girdleVertebral ColumnComprised of 32 separate bony vertebrae joined together by ligaments or fibrous connective tissueVertebraeBodySpinal processesVertebral ColumnCervical (7) Sacral (5)Thoracic (12) Coccygeal (5)Lumbar (5)Thorax12 thoracic vertebraeSternum12 pairs of ribsThoraxTrue RibsCostal cartilagesSternumFalse ribsFloating ribsPectoral GirdleClavicleScapulaPelvic GirdleIliumIschiumPubisPulmonary SystemTracheaLungsTracheaCartilaginous and membranous tube20 horseshoe-shaped rings of cartilage that extends downward from the larynxPulmonary SystemMusculature1. Muscles of inhalation•Above the diaphragm2. Muscles of exhalation•Below the diaphragm3. PairedMuscles of InhalationDiaphragmA thin, dome-shaped structure composed of muscle fibers and a broad tendon on its superior surface.As the diaphragm contracts, it pulls the lungs downward increasing lung volumeOther Muscles of Inhalationexternal intercostals11 pairs of muscles located in the spaces between the ribsassist in increasing the size of the thoracic cavity during inhalationOther Muscles of Inhalationinternal intercostals paired with the externals and lie just deep to them. help control the descent of the rib cage during exhalationPectoralis Major and MinorMajor is the upper view; minor is the lower viewBoth assist in elevation of the ribs and in thoracic expansion during inhalationLevatores Costarum12 pairs located on the posterior aspect of the rib cage serve to elevate the ribs and expand the thorax during inhalation.Sternocleidomastoid and Scalene MusclesFound primarily in the neckPull up on the sternum and first 2 ribs during inhalationMuscles of ExhalationExternal ObliquesMuscles of ExhalationInternal ObliquesMuscles of ExhalationTransverse AdominisMuscles of ExhalationRectus AbdominisPhysiology for Respiration and Breathing for SpeechTidal BreathingRate and depth depends on the body’s oxygen needs and amount of CO2 in the bloodPhysiology for Respiration and Breathing for SpeechInhalationRib cage elevates, causing the lungs to expandExhalationThorax decreases, reducing lung volumeAir pressure in the lungs increasesAir rushes outPassive recoil forcesSpeech BreathingRespiration during speech differs from quiet, tidal, breathing in a number of ways:1. during speech breathing, inhalations occur only at major linguistic boundaries like between phrases and sentences2. during speech breathing, the time spent inhaling is shortened greatly and the time spent exhaling is greatly increased 3. during quiet breathing, the air exchange during one respiratory cycle is about 1/2 liter whereas one may inhale as much as 2 liters of air during speech breathing, depending on the utterance4. speech breathing frequently requires active muscle contraction during exhalationLife-Span Issues Regarding RespirationTidal breathing rate Maximum lung capcityFactors affecting lung function1. Age2. Exercise3. Health4.